GIFT  OF 


'[RE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 
AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH 


ILLUSTRATED  CHIEFLY  FROM  SILVER  LATIN 


BY 


WALTER  HOBART  PALMER,  Pn.D. 


A  THESIS  PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE 

SCHOOL  OF  YALE  UNIVERSITY  IN  CANDIDACY  FOR 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


OM 


PEESIDENT, 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 
LANCASTER,  PA. 

I9IS 


THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 
AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH 

ILLUSTRATED  CHIEFLY  FROM  SILVER  LATIN 


BY 

WALTER  HOBART  PALMER,  PH.D. 


A  THESIS  PRESENTED  TO  THE  FACULTY  OF  THE  GRADUATE 

SCHOOL  OF  YALE  UNIVERSITY  IN  CANDIDACY  FOR 

THE  DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 
LANCASTER, PA. 

IQI5 


PREFACE. 

This  dissertation  has  been  somewhat  revised  and  slightly 
abridged  since  it  was  presented  in  candidacy  for  the  doctorate 
in  April,  1914.  The  original  suggestion  which  led  to  the  study 
was  made  by  Professor  G.  L.  Hendrickson  of  Yale  University, 
and  to  him,  and  to  Professors  E.  P.  Morris  and  C.  W.  Mendell 
of  the  same  university,  the  author  is  indebted  for  much  helpful 
criticism.  It  is  with  pleasure  that  he  acknowledges  this  obligation 
and  expresses  his  gratitude.  An  abstract  of  a  portion  of  the 
introduction  is  to  be  published  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American 
Philological  Association  for  1914. 

The  numerous  examples  referred  to  in  this  work  are  all  cited 
from  the  latest  Teubner  text  editions  of  the  various  authors, 
except  that  the  Oxford  text  has  been  followed  for  Catullus  and 
Aeschylus. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA, 
January,  1915. 


iii 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

A.  INTRODUCTION  i 

§  I .     The  inadequacy  of  previous  treatments  of  ana- 
phora    I 

§  2.     The  aim  of  the  present  study 5 

§  3.     The  material  on  which  this  investigation  is  based.  6 

B.  GENERAL  DISCUSSION  OF  ANAPHORA 8 

§  I .     Definition  of  the  scope  of  anaphora 8 

t  §  2.     Two  kinds  of  anaphora  are  distinguished:  ana- 
phora in  the  amplification  of  a  general  truth, 

and  anaphora  in  a  contrast 8 

§  3.     Limitations  of  the  field  of  anaphora  for  the  pur- 
pose of  this  investigation 10 

§  4.     The  classification  of  cases  of  anaphora  in  the 

amplification  of  a  general  truth 1 1 

§  5.     Further  explanation  of  the  scheme  of  classifica- 
tion used 20 

C.  PARTICULAR  DISCUSSION  OF  ANAPHORA 25 

§  i.     Negatives 25 

§  2.     Pronouns 34 

§  3.     Adverbs 52 

§  4.     Adjectives 59 

§  5-     Verbs 64 

§  6.     Nouns 66 

§  7.     Conjunctions '. 68 

§  8.     Prepositions 75 

D.  EXCURSUS  ON  THE  RHETORICAL  CHARACTER  OF  ANA- 

PHORA IN  SILVER  LATIN 78 

E.  CONCLUSION  .  .81 


A.    INTRODUCTION. 
§  i .    THE  INADEQUACY  OF  PREVIOUS  TREATMENTS  OF  ANAPHORA. 

This  study  grew  out  of  a  consideration  of  the  numerous  cases 
of  anaphora1  in  the  Minor  Works  of  Tacitus,  the  object  of  many 
of  which  was  not  clearly  understood  by  the  present  writer,  and 
it  is  based  upon  a  belief  that  a  more  exact  understanding  of  the 
real  purpose  and  effect  of  the  figure  than  now  exists  would  in 
many  specific  cases  be  highly  advantageous  for  purposes  of 
interpretation,  and  furthermore  that  such  a  comprehension  can 
to  a  degree  be  approximated.  For,  although  the  subject  has 
already  been  treated  by  other  authors,  previous  explanations  of 
anaphora  seem  to  have  been  content  with  vague  and  general 
terms  for  their  expression,  without  recognizing  certain  important 
features  of  its  use. 

That  emphasis  is  thereby  secured  is  a  very  common  explanation 
of  anaphora.  For  example,  Volkmann  says  in  his  Rhetorik  der 
Griechen  und  Romer:2  "Die  Wiederholung  desselben  Wortes  am 
Anfang  mehrerer  aufeinander  folgenden  Satzglieder  .  .  .  giebt 
der  Rede  den  Charakter  nachdriicklicher,  ja  hef tiger  Lebendig- 
keit."  Numerous  similar  observations  might  be  adduced  from 
the  'writings  of  Norden,3  R.  B.  Steele,4  Furneaux,5  and  others,6 
but  this  one  will  suffice. 

1  For  the  present  let  it  suffice  that  anaphora  is  here  understood  in  the 
ordinarily  accepted  sense  of  the  term.     Cf.  Wackernagel,  Poetik,  Rhetorik, 
und  Stilistik,  ed.   3,   p.   561:  "Anaphora  .  .  .  nennt  man  die  Wiederkehr 
desselben  Wortes,  derselben  Wendung  am    Anfange    mehrerer   aufeinander 
folgender  Satze  oder  Satzglieder."     A  further  discussion  of  the  limitations  of 
this  figure  and  a  definition  of  the  exact  scope  of  this  investigation  will  follow 
later. 

2  In  Miiller's  Handbuch,  II,  3,  p.  44. 

J  Norden,  Aeneis  VI,  p.  149:  "Durch  die  Anapher  erhalten  diese  Verse 
besonderes  Gewicht." 

4  R.  B.  Steele,  Anaphora  and  Chiasmus  in  Livy,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Assoc., 
32  (1901),  155  and  164:  "Emphasis  is  the  end  sought  in  the  repetition  of 
independent  elements  .  .  .  ,"  and  again,  "Emphasis  was  sought  by  the 
repetition  of  some  one  verbal  element,  the  recurrence  indicating  its  importance 
as  viewed  by  the  writer  or  supposed  speaker." 

I 


2  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

Then  too  Norden  explains  the  occurrences  of  anaphora  in 
Vergil  by  such  terms  as  "Zur  Steigerung  des  Ethos,"1  "Zur 
Hebung  des  Ethos,"2  "Die  Furchtbarkeit  wird  durch  starke 
Sprachmalerei "  (i.  e.,  alliteration,  anaphora,  rhythm,  etc.) 
"dem  Horer  sinnlich  naher  gebracht."3 

Now  all  of  these  statements  are  quite  true  as  far  as  they  go, 
but  a  clear  comprehension  of  anaphora  demands  a  fuller  analysis 
of  the  workings  of  the  figure  than  has  as  yet  been  undertaken, 
in  order  to  determine  the  means  by  which  its  use  imparts  to  the 
sentence  this  emphasis,  or  Steigerung  des  Ethos,  or  whatever  it 
may  be.  Call  the  effect  emphasis  if  you  please,  but  to  go  beyond 
that  and  to  determine  in  what  way  the  employment  of  anaphora 
in  a  sentence  results  in  such  emphasis,  that  is  our  present  purpose. 

Furthermore,  ancient  testimony  concerning  anaphora  is  hardly 
any  more  helpful  than  the  judgment  of  modern  writers,  and  in 
fact  the  present-day  phraseology  which  is  applied  to  this  figure 
seems  to  be  a  heritage  from  the  Greek  and  Roman  rhetoricians. 
The  various  observations  made  by  ancient  writers  regarding 
anaphora  have  been  collected  by  Otto  in  a  recent  Marburg 
dissertation,4  and  a  brief  summary  of  their  views  will  suffice  here. 

The  earliest  testimony  which  Otto  cites  is  from  the  Auctor 
ad  Herennium.5  In  discussing  repetitio  this  writer  says:  "Haec 
exornatio  cum  multum  venustatis  habet,  turn  gravitatis  et 
acrimoniae  plurimum."  Cicero  observes  in  the  De  Oratore, 
"Geminatio  verborum  habet  interdum  vim,  leporem  alias."6 

6  Furneaux,  Germania,  introd.,  p.  10:  "The  emphasis  which  in  (Tacitus') 
later  writings  would  rather  be  studied  by  skilful  arrangement  of  words  is 
(in  the  Germania)  often  given  by  the  sort  of  expansion  used  by  an  orator 
to  drive  home  his  point  to  his  listeners." 

6  B.  O.  Foster,  Trans.  Am.  Phil.  Assoc.,  40  (1909),  51,  and  O.  M.  Johnston, 
Publ.  Mod.  Lang.  Assoc.,  29  (1914),  541,  recognize  emphasis  and  euphony  as 
two  purposes  for  which  anaphora  may  be  used.  Cf .  also  Abbott,  The  Use  of 
Repetition  in  Latin  to  Secure  Emphasis,  Intensity,  and  Distinctness  of 
Impression,  Chicago  Stud.  Class.  Phil.,  3  (1900),  67-86,  and  Poteat,  Repeti- 
tion in  Latin  Poetry,  p.  10. 

1  Norden,  Aeneis  VI,  p.  241. 

2  Ditto  pp.  181,  200,  and  303. 

3  Ditto  p.  266. 

4  Ludwig  Otto,  De  Anaphora.     Diss.  Marburg,  1907. 

5  Auct.  ad  Her.,  4,  19.     For  Otto's  discussion  see  p.  7  ff. 
•  Cic.  de  Or.,  3,  206. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  3 

The  Greek  rhetorician  Demetrius  says  of  anaphora  that 
"  Seivdrepov  Troieiv  TOV  \6yov"1  and  again  " xaPi€VT%€Ta<'  $*  trove 
Kal  e'£  am<£o/3a9."2  Quintilian  says  of  the  effect  which  the  figure 
has,  "Et  ab  iisdem  verbis  plura  acriter  et  instanter  incipiunt."3 
Tiberius  wrote  in  the  fourth  century  A.  D.,  "'Evepyeiav  TO  o^/ua 
/cal  \afjL7r pdrrjra  e^a^erat."4 

From  these  statements  of  the  ancient  rhetoricians  it  will  be 
observed  that  their  various  explanations  are  concerned  for  the 
most  part  with  the  effect  which  the  figure  has,  rather  than  with 
the  means  by  which  it  imparts  such  vis  or  Seti/or???  to  the  sentence. 
Thus,  in  undertaking  an  investigation  of  this  latter  point,  the 
present  study  has  in  no  way  been  anticipated  by  either  ancient 
or  modern  discussions. 

There  is  a  rather  extensive  recent  treatment  of  anaphora, 
discussion  of  which  has  intentionally  been  reserved  for  this 
point.  In  the  Marburg  dissertation  already  referred  to,5  Ludwig 
Otto  has  elaborated  a  theory  of  Theodor  Birt's6  that  the  true 
nature  of  anaphora  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  serves  as  a  substitute 
for  a  conjunction,  and  that  in  this  respect  it  differs  from  all  other 
figures.  One  often  wearies,  he  says,  of  constantly  employing 
the  same  conjunction,  and  so  by  the  use  of  anaphora  the  speaker 
avoids  such  monotony.  Of  all  the  cases  of  this  figure  which 
Otto  has  examined  he  does  not  find  one  in  which  a  conjunction 
might  not  equally  well  be  substituted  '  salvo  sensu.'7 

That  a  conjunction  might  conceivably  have  been  used  in  any 
case  where  anaphora  occurs,  had  the  speaker  so  inclined,  it  is  not 

1  Demetrius  in  Spengel:  Rhet.  Graec.,  Ill,  319,  14  and  25. 

2  Spengel,  III,  294,  7.     Demetrius  here  uses  the  term  ava<f>opd  although 
£irava(f>op<i  occurs  more  frequently. 

3  Quint.  Inst.,  9,  3,  30. 

4  Spengel,  III,  73,  I. 

5  Cf.  page  2,  note  4. 

•  Birt,  De  Halieuticis,  p.  59.     Quoted  by  Otto,  p.  37. 

7  Otto,  p.  83:  Vera  anaphorae  natura  non  in  ilia  ab  omnibus  fere  compro- 
bata  exornandi  et  amplificandi  orationem  virtute  est  quaerenda,  quae  vis 
omnibus  tropis  et  figuris  est  communis,  sed  ut  recte  Birtius  vidit,  in  eo,  quod 
in  locum  coniunctionum  succedit  et  scriptori  harum  particularum  gratiam 
facit,  and  p.  56:  Vides  uno  eodemque  munere  particulas  et  anaphoram  in 
carminibus  fungi.  Accedit,  ut  nulla,  quatenus  exempla  apud  Vergilium  et 
Ovidium  inspexi  atque  ponderavi,  anaphora  recuset,  quominus  in  locum  eius 
salvo  sensu  versus  particula  respondens  succedat. 


4  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

necessary  to  dispute.  But  the  claim  that  "  Anaphorae  summum 
est  munus,  ut  particularum  gratiam  scriptori  faciat"1  is  entirely 
inadequate  as  an  explanation  of  the  effect  which  anaphora  has 
in  a  sentence.  From  the  listener's  standpoint  it  does  make  a 
difference,  for  instance,  whether  the  same  introductory  word  is 
repeated  one  or  more  times,  or  other  means  of  connection  are 
employed,  in  the  following  example  from  Seneca:2  .  .  .  mors  ut 
optimum  inventum  naturae  laudatur  expectaturque  .  .  .  om- 
nibus finis,  multis  remedium,  quibusdam  votum,  de  nullis  melius 
merita  quam  de  iis,  ad  quos  venit  antequam  invocaretur!  Haec 
servitutem  invito  domino  remittit;  haec  captivorum  catenas 
levat ;  haec  e  carcere  educit  quos  exire  imperium  inpotens  vetuerat ; 
haec  exulibus  .  .  .  ostendit  nihil  interesse,  infra  quod  quis 
iaceat;  haec,  ubi  res  communis  fortuna  male  divisit  .  .  .  , 
exaequat  omnia;  haec  .  .  .;  haec  .  .  .;  haec  .  .  .;  haec  .  .  .; 
haec.  .  .  .  The  repeated  haec  represents  mors,  and  aside  from 
its  service  as  a  connective  it  causes  the  thought  to  recur  in  con- 
nection with  each  specific  clause  to  the  general  statement  asserted 
of  mors.  The  thought  developed  by  each  one  of  these  specific 
statements  with  haec  is  that  Mors  bonum  inventum  naturae  est- 
By  a  reiteration  of  this  thought  in  a  succession  of  specific  in- 
stances, each  marked  by  the  same  introductory  word,  the 
general  truth  is  gradually  established,  namely,  that  Mors  optimum 
inventum  .  .  .  est.  Had  Seneca  varied  the  connectives,  the 
clauses  would  not  stand  out  before  the  listener  with  individual 
clearness  in  a  succession  of  specific  illustrations  of  the  general 
truth,  to  which  Seneca  intended  thereby  to  give  expression. 

To  consider  another  case  and  one  of  Otto's  own  examples 
from  Vergil,3  the  effect  of  the  repeated  hie  ...  hie  .  .  .  hoc  in 
the  following  lines,  is  not  equivalent  to  that  of  ordinary  con- 
nectives : 

Quam  luno  fertur  terris  magis  omnibus  unam 
Posthabita  coluisse  Samo:  hie  illius  arma, 
Hie  currus  fuit;  hoc  regnum  dea  gentibus  esse 
.  .  .  iam  turn  tenditque  fovetque. 

1  Otto,  p.  37. 

2  Sen.  DM  VI,  20,  i. 
» Verg.  A.,  i,  15. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  5 

The  anaphoric  use  of  hie,  which  represents  Carthage  at  the  be- 
ginning of  each  phrase,  keeps  the  attention  centered  on  Carthage 
with  reference  to  a  succession  of  specific  illustrations  of  Juno's 
especial  love  for  that  city,  as  asserted  in  the  general  statement. 
Such  a  consideration  of  each  case  individually  results  in  estab- 
lishing the  general  truth  terris  magis  omnibus  unam  .  .  .  coluisse. 
Granting  metrical  possibilities,  Hie  arma  currusque  fuerunt 
would  not  be  productive  of  the  same  effect. 

§  2.    THE  AIM  OF  THE  PRESENT  STUDY. 

The  thesis,  then,  which  this  dissertation  seeks  to  maintain,  is 
that  the  amplification  of  a  general  truth  forms  one  of  the  principal 
purposes  for  which  anaphora  is  used.  The  bare  utterance  of 
such  a  truth  stated  in  general  terms  is  felt  by  the  speaker  to  be 
insufficient  to  properly  impress  the  thought  upon  his  listeners. 
An  analysis  of  this  general  thought  is  therefore  made,  and  to  call 
attention  to  each  of  these  phrases  individually,  the  same  intro- 
ductory word  is  employed  in  each  case.  Through  such  an  am- 
plification marked  by  anaphora,  the  general  truth  becomes  clearer 
and  more  apparent  to  the  listeners.1 

This  amplification  normally  takes  the  form  of  an  analysis  into 
specific  details,  that  is,  into  a  number  of  partitive  representations 
of  the  general  truth,  as  has  been  already  seen  in  the  preceding 
example  from  Seneca.  But  the  underlying  purpose  of  the  am- 
plification is  to  hold  the  attention  of  the  listener  on  a  certain 
thought  for  some  length  of  time.  Thus,  the  desired  effect  is 
equally  well  produced,  whether  the  individual  members  of  the 
amplification  are  specific  details  of  the  general  thought,  as  is 
usually  the  case,  or  if  the  various  phrases  in  which  anaphora 
occurs  are,  on  the  other  hand,  practically  synonymous,  and 
reiterate  the  general  thought  by  expressing  it  in  several  different 
ways.  The  effect  is  in  either  case  identical:  the  reiteration, 
marked  by  a  repetition  of  the  same  introductory  word,  impresses 
the  general  thought  on  the  mind  of  the  listener  by  a  hammering- 
in,  as  it  were. 

1  Though  this  is  an  important  use  of  anaphora  the  writer  does  not  claim 
that  it  is  by  any  means  the  exclusive  use  of  the  figure.  For  a  further  discus- 
sion of  this  matter  see  page  8,  §  2. 


THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 


An  example  of  this  reiterative  anaphora  follows.  Cic.  Caecil., 
6,  21 :  Cur  nolint,  etiamsi  taceant,  satis  dicunt;  verum  non  tacent; 
tamen  iis  invitissimis  te  offeres?  tamen  in  aliena  causa  loquere? 
tamen  eos  defendes,  qui  se  ab  omnibus  desertos  potius  quam  abs 
te  defenses  esse  malunt?  tamen  iis  operam  tuam  pollicebere,  qui 
te  neque  velle  sua  causa  nee,  si  cupias,  posse  arbitrantur?  Cur 
eorum  spem  exiguam  reliquarum  fortunarum  .  .  .  vi  extorquere 
conaris?  cur  .  .  .?  cur  .  .  .?  cur  .  .  .?  In  this  case  the  at- 
tention is  held  on  the  general  thought  by  repeating  it  in  a  variety 
of  different  forms,  all  being  practically  synonymous,  and  by 
introducing  each  member  of  the  amplification  by  the  same  word, 
first  by  the  repeated  tamen,  and  then  by  the  repeated  cur. 

§  3.    THE  MATERIAL  ON  WHICH  THIS  INVESTIGATION  is  BASED. 

The  examples  on  which  this  study  is  based  were  collected  for 
the  most  part  from  Tacitus  and  his  contemporaries.  Writers 
of  this  period  employed  anaphora  with  an  especial  frequency, 
not  only  in  speeches,  where  it  is  found  to  a  marked  degree  in  all 
periods,  but  in  narrative  portions  also,  and  obviously  with  rhe- 
torical intent.  A  collection  of  cases  of  anaphora  has  been  made 
from  selected  portions  of  the  writings  of  the  following  authors : — 
Tacitus  (complete  works),  the  younger  Pliny,  Seneca's  Dia- 
logues, the  so-called  Declamations  of  Quintilian,  Seneca  Rhetor, 
Martial,  Florus,  Valerius  Maximus.  The  occurrences  in  Vergil 
and  Ovid  which  are  cited  in  Otto's  dissertation1  have  also  been 
examined,  and  a  few  examples  are  included  from  other  Latin  as 
well  as  Greek  authors,  as  they  have  chanced  to  come  to  the 
writer's  notice.2 

1  Otto's  dissertation  is  based  on  a  collection  of  material  from  Vergil  and 
Ovid. 

2  The  following  tabulation  shows  what  forms  are  most  frequently  used  in 
anaphora  by  Tacitus,  Pliny,  and  Seneca.     About  400  cases  are  included  from 
each  author. 


Tacitus. 

Pliny. 

Seneca. 

Tacitus. 

Pliny. 

Seneca. 

Negatives  

I  -2  -2 

7C 

72 

Nouns 

IO 

II 

7 

Pronouns  

11^ 

IAO 

1  2O 

Conjunctions.  . 

C7 

•2C 

«7 

Adverbs  

•IQ 

7O 

2Q 

Prepositions 

27 

I"! 

Adi  ectives 

2Q 

60 

Verbs  

•V 

8 

45 

OL 

28 

Total  

416 

445 

387 

AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  7 

These  three  authors  vary  in  the  relative  frequency  with  which  anaphora  occurs : 

Cases  of  Anaphora.          Number  of  Teubner  Pages. 

Tacitus:  Ann.  and  Hist 297  592 

Tacitus:  Minor  works 1 19  97 

Tacitus:  Complete  works 416  689 

Pliny:  Selected  portion 445  232 

Seneca:  Selected  portion 387  287 


B.    GENERAL  DISCUSSION  OF  ANAPHORA. 
§  i.    DEFINITION  OF  THE  SCOPE  OF  ANAPHORA. 

Since  anaphora  represents  but  a  limited  area  of  the  field  of 
repetition,  it  seems  necessary  to  distinguish  at  the  outset  the 
types  of  repetition  which  are  included  in  this  discussion  and 
those  which  are  considered  to  lie  outside  the  limits  of  the  figure. 

By  the  term  anaphora  one  is  generally  understood  to  mean 
the  repetition  of  the  same  word  at  the  beginning  of  a  number  of 
successive  phrases  or  clauses.  In  the  words  of  the  Auctor  ad 
Herennium,1  "Repetitio  est,  cum  continenter  ab  uno  atque 
eodem  verbo  in  rebus  similibus  et  diversis  principia  sumuntur." 
But  although  this  study  confines  itself  to  a  consideration  of 
anaphora  in  this  limited  sense,  it  is  nevertheless  recognized  that 
such  a  restriction  of  the  figure  to  a  repetition  of  the  same  word  is 
in  reality  a  too  narrow  use  of  the  term,  and  that  anaphora  should 
be  made  to  include  also  repetition  of  the  same  thought,  repetition 
of  the  same  word  order,  and  morphological  repetition,  occurring 
at  the  beginning  of  a  number  of  successive  clauses.2  Such  an 
investigation,  although  it  is  not  undertaken  here,  would  doubtless 
yield  results  which  are  similar  to  those  of  the  present  study.3 

§  2.    Two  KINDS  OF  ANAPHORA  ARE  DISTINGUISHED. 

The  theory  held  by  the  present  writer,  and  which  is  borne  out 
by  the  evidence  about  to  be  examined,  is  that  anaphora  has  two 
principal  uses:  it  either  occurs  in  the  amplification  of  a  general 

1  Auct.  ad  Her.,  4,  19. 

2  This  has  been  already  noted  in  the  work  Lateinische  Stilistik  by  Nagels- 
bach-Miiller,  ed.   8,   p.   634:  "Freilich  muss  ...  die  Anaphora  .  .  .  nicht 
bios  als  Wiederholung  desselben   Wortes  am  Anfang  eines   neuen  Satzes, 
sondern  als  Wiederkehr  der  namlichen  Wortfolge  gefasst  werden." 

3  A  few  examples  of  such  anaphora  are  cited.     E.  g.,  Tac.  G.,  20,  7:  Nee 
virgines    festinantur;  eadem    iuventa,    similis    proceritas:  pares    validaeque 
miscentur.     Tac.  G.,  43,  20:  Nigra  scuta,  tincta  corpora;  atras  ad  proelia 
noctes  legunt.     Tac.  Agr.,  5,  8:    Non  sane  alias  exercitatior  magisque  in 
ambiguo    Britannia    fuit:    trucida/i   veterani,    incensae   coloniae,    intercept 
exercitus. 

8 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  9 

truth,  or  else  it  introduces  two  members  of  a  contrast.  The 
mode  of  operation  is  the  same  in  either  case:  the  effect  of  the 
repeated  words  is  to  call  attention  to  the  specific  phrases  which 
they  introduce,  thereby  rendering  them  prominent  in  the  mind 
of  the  listener.  It  is  dependent  upon  the  nature  of  these  specific 
phrases  as  to  which  of  the  two  uses  anaphora  has :  when  they  are 
homogeneous  in  character  (res  similes) ,  they  form  specific  illus- 
trations of  an  underlying  general  truth ;  when  they  are  of  opposite 
meaning  (res  diversae),  they  stand  in  contrast  to  each  other.1 

In  the  former  case,  there  is  a  general  idea  prominent  in 
the  speaker's  mind  behind  these  individual  impressions;  this 
may  be  definitely  formulated  or  perhaps  be  only  slightly  implied. 
That  the  listener  also  may  be  impressed  with  this  same  general 
idea,  the  speaker  further  develops  the  thought  in  analysis, 
and  repeats  the  same  word  at  the  beginning  of  each  member 
of  the  analysis  in  order  to  attract  the  listener's  attention 
and  to  cause  a  recurrence  of  thought  to  the  general  idea. 
Whether  or  not  the  general  truth  is  definitely  formulated,  the 
repeated  utterance  of  particular  illustrations  of  it,  each  marked 
by  the  repetition,  establishes  a  feeling  of  this  general  truth  in 
the  mind  of  the  listener. 

But  when  the  individual  members,  which  are  rendered  prominent 
by  the  introductory  repeated  words,  are  heterogeneous  in  character, 
they  do  not  form  part  of  an  analysis  of  a  general  truth,  but  rather 
constitute  members  of  a  contrast.  The  use  of  anaphora  in  a  con- 
trast is,  by  the  nature  of  things,  restricted  to  a  single  repetition  ; 
that  is,  the  repeated  word  occurs  in  two,  and  only  two,  members  of 
a  contrast :  whereas  in  the  preceding  type  of  anaphora  the  ampli- 
fication may  consist  of  only  two  members,  or  it  may  on  the  other 
hand  be  extended  to  an  analysis  of  any  extent.2 

JThe  Auctor  ad  Herennium  (4,  19)  evidently  had  some  such  two-fold 
distinction  in  mind  when  he  thus  described  anaphora  as  occurring  "cum 
continenter  ab  uno  atque  eodem  verbo  in  rebus  similibus  et  diversis  principia 
sumuntur." 

2  Examples  of  anaphora  in  members  of  a  contrast  follow:  Tac.  Agr.,  30,  18: 
Si  locuples  hostis  est,  avari,  si  pauper,  ambitiosi.  Tac.  G.,  1 1,  I :  De  minoribus 
rebus  principes  consultant,  de  maioribus  omnes.  Tac.  Agr.,  41 , 1 8 :  Sic  Agricola 
simul  suis  virtutibus,  simul  vitiis  aliorum  in  ipsam  gloriam  praeceps  agebatur. 
Verg.  A.,  6,  32:  Bis  conatus  erat  casus  efnngere  in  auro,  Bis  patriae  cecidere 
manus. 


10  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

Furthermore,  examples  occur  which  involve  a  seemingly  para- 
doxical combination  of  these  two  types.  But  in  such  cases  the 
contrast  is  in  reality  only  apparent,  and  a  general  truth  underlies, 
as  in  the  first  type.  The  amplification  then  takes  the  form  of  an 
analysis  into  specific  cases  which  are  at  the  two  extremes  of 
possibility  and  are  thus  of  such  a  sort  as  to  exhaust  all  existing 
contingencies.  E.  g.,  Tac.  Ann.,  2,  14,  17:  ...  non  divini,  non 
humani  iuris  memores.  Tac.  Ann.,  13,  43,  21 :.  .  .  non  in  ipso 
discrimine,  non  post  damnationem  fractus  animo.  Although  a 
contrast  is  present  in  these  examples,  the  contrasted  members 
exhaust  all  possible  cases,  and  are  thus  representative  of  a  general 
idea  nihil  or  nullo  tempore,  which  underlies  the  analysis.1 

§  3.    LIMITATIONS  OF  THE  FIELD  OF  ANAPHORA  FOR  THE  PURPOSE 
OF  THIS  INVESTIGATION. 

This  dissertation  will  restrict  itself  to  a  consideration  of  only 
one  important  type  of  anaphora,  that  is,  of  those  cases  occurring 
in  the  amplification  of  a  general  truth.  Even  if  a  large  mass  of 
the  examples  from  Silver  Latin  at  least,  actually  do  fall  into  this 
category,  it  is  nevertheless  to  be  noted  that  the  writer  does  not 
claim  this  to  be  the  exclusive  use  of  the  figure,  nor  that  by  any 
means  all  cases  of  anaphora  can  be  made  to  conform  to  this  single 
type.  For  this  reason  he  has  thus  briefly  indicated  another  kind 
of  anaphora,  although  leaving  a  complete  investigation  of  it  for 
future  study. 

Another  limitation  must  be  made  in  the  case  of  the  so-called 
correlatives:  the  repetition  of  such  words  as  et  .  .  .  et,  sive  .  .  . 
sive,  nee  .  .  .  nee,  modo  .  .  .  modo,  simul  .  .  .  simul,  partim 
.  .  .  partim,  alius  .  .  .  alius,  etc.,  in  introducing  two  or  more 
successive  phrases,  is  generally  regarded  as  correlation  and  is 
therefore  not  included  in  most  discussions  of  anaphora.2  But 
such  cases  of  correlation  undoubtedly  had  exactly  the  same  origin 
as  real  anaphora,  and  their  sole  difference  from  ordinary  examples 
of  the  figure  is  that  they  may  be  regarded  as  stereotyped  cases, 
which  have  already  become  fixed  and  familiar  in  their  correlative 

1  In  the  particular  discussion  of  anaphora  which  follows,  such  cases  are 
naturally  included  in  type  I. 

2  Cf.  Otto,  p.  45,  and  Steele,  p.  154. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  1 1 

use,  so  that  the  first  term  indicates  that  a  corresponding  term  is 
to  follow.1  Therefore,  when  these  correlatives  are  used  to 
introduce  specific  members  of  an  analysis,  their  occurrence  is  so 
common  that  they  do  not  attract  any  special  notice  on  the  part  of 
the  listener  unless  the  analysis  is  a  somewhat  extended  one.  It 
is  the  less  ordinary  cases  of  anaphora  which  are  treated  in  this 
dissertation,  in  an  attempt  to  arrive  at  a  clearer  comprehension 
of  their  use  by  writers  who  employed  them  largely  with  rhetorical 
intent,  and  therefore  obvious  cases  of  correlation  have  been 
excluded  from  the  discussion,  even  though  they  may  frequently 
be  exact  parallels  to  well-authenticated  cases  of  anaphora.2 

§  4.    THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  CASES  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 
AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH. 

A  classification  of  the  various  cases  of  anaphora  in  the  ampli- 
fication of  a  general  truth  has  been  made  on  the  basis  of  the 
degree  of  clearness  with  which  this  general  truth  is  suggested  to 
the  listener.  However,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  at  the  start 
that  the  groups  outlined  below  are  not  mutually  exclusive,  and 
that  examples  cannot  always  be  assigned  with  absolute  precision 
to  any  particular  group. 

1  Cf.  Mendell,  Sentence  Connection  in  Tacitus,  p.  51,  and  Steele,  p.  154. 

2  A  few  examples  are  cited  by  way  of  illustrating  this  use  of  correlatives 
parallel  to  real  anaphora.     They  are  grouped  according  to  the  classification 
of  anaphora  which  will  be  explained  later  in  this  introduction.     Cf.  p.  12  ff. 

I.  A.  Sen.  Clem.,  I,  6,  3:  Peccavimus  omnes:  alii  gravia,  alii  leviora, 
alii  ex  destinato,  alii  forte  inpulsi  .  .  .  ,  alii  in  bonis  consiliis  parum  fortiter 
stetimus. 

B.  Romans,  8,  38:  n&rei<r/«u  yap  8n  otfre  Odvaros  oflre  fonj,  otfre  #776X01 
otfre  apxal,  otfre  tveffrwra  afire  fj.tXXovra,  otfre  dvvdfj^is  otfre  {/^wyua  otfre 
|3d#o5  ofire  TIS  K  T  l<r  is  frtpa  dw^fferai  ^uas  xuplffai  airb  TTJS  aydirrjs  TOV  deov 
TTJS  iv  Xpt<rT<£  'Ir/a-oO  ....  Cic.  Acad.,  I,  42:  Erroremautem  et  temeritatem 
et  ignorantiam  et  opinationem  et  suspicionem  et  uno  nomine  omnia,  .... 

III.  Tac.  D.,  31,  16:  In  his  artibus  exercitationibusque  versatus  orator, 
sive  apud  infestos  sive  apud  cupidos  sive  apud  invidentes  sive  apud  tristes  sive 
apud  timentes  dicendum  habuerit,  tenebit  venas  animorum.  Catull.,  43,  I : 

Salve,  nee  minimo  puella  naso, 
Nee  bello  pede  nee  nigris  ocellis, 
Nee  longis  digitis  nee  ore  sicco, 
Nee  sane  nimis  elegante  lingua, 
Decoctoris  arnica  Formiani. 


12  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis. 

B.  It  follows  the  analysis. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  only  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis. 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

1.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows. 

2.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows. 

3.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows. 

V.  Summary  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  An  extended  narration  or  description  precedes. 

B.  An  extended  narration  or  description  follows. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 
This  general  truth,  which  the  analysis  amplifies  into  a  number 
of  specific  details,  may  either  precede  or  follow  the  analysis. 

A.  The  general  truth  precedes  the  analysis.  Each  specific 
member  of  the  analysis  is,  as  it  is  uttered,  associated  in  the  mind 
of  the  listener  with  the  general  statement  which  has  already  been 
definitely  formulated,  and  the  general  truth  of  which  the  analysis 
develops.  An  example  of  this  is  the  case  from  Seneca  already 
cited,1  '  Mors  optimum  inventum  naturae  est,'  where  the  specific 
illustrations  of  mors  as  a  bonum  inventum  result  by  their  accumu- 
lation in  the  establishment  of  the  general  truth  optimum  inventum 
est.  Catull.,  23,  8:  ...  nihil  timetis, 

Non  incendia,  non  graves  ruinas, 
Non  facta  impia,  non  dolos  veneni, 
Non  casus  alios  periculorum. 
» Cf.  page  4. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  13 

The  enumeration  incendia,  graves  ruinas,  etc.,  to  which  the 
attention  is  directed  in  each  specific  case  by  the  repeated  non, 
tends  as  it  proceeds  to  establish  the  general  truth  nihil. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.  The  speaker  has 
the  general  idea  prominent  in  his  mind,  and  paves  the  way  for 
its  definite  formulation  at  the  close  by  means  of  a  specific  analysis 
marked  by  anaphora.  The  members  of  this  analysis  considered 
individually  as  a  part  of  this  general  idea  thus  fix  such  a  general 
notion  in  the  listener's  mind  even  before  it  is  actually  expressed. 
E.  g.,  Tac.  D.,  30,  21 :  .  .  .  non  geometriae,  non  musicae,  non 
grammaticae,  non  denique  ullius  ingenuae  artis  scientiam  ei 
defuisse.  Here,  the  specific  members  of  the  analysis,  geometriae, 
musicae,  grammaticae,  each  introduced  by  the  repeated  non,  are 
followed  by  the  general  formulation  non  denique  ullius  ingenuae 
artis  scientiam.  Sen.  D.,  XII,  9,  8:  Nunc  ecce  trahit  ilium  ad  se 
Africa  resurgentis  belli  minis  plena,  trahit  Hispania  .  .  .,  trahit 
Aegyptus  infida,  lotus  denique  orbis,  .... 

II.  The  general  truth  is  only  implied. 

The  general  truth  is  not  always  definitely  expressed,  but  may 
be  implied  from  the  preceding  sentence  or  paragraph.  The 
speaker  has  such  a  general  idea  prominent  in  his  mind,  but  owing 
to  the  fact  that  it  is  expressed  only  by  general  implication,  the 
listener  would  in  all  probability  not  be  impressed  with  a  feeling 
of  this  general  truth  unless  his  attention  was  attracted  to  it  by  a 
specific  analysis  with  each  member  marked  by  a  repetition  of 
the  same  word.  This  group  differs  from  the  first  only  in  the 
degree  of  clearness  with  which  the  general  truth  is  suggested. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.  E.  g.,  Sen.  Brev. 
Vit.,  7,7:  Omnes  illi,  qui  te  sibi  advocant,  tibi  abducunt.  I  lie  reus 
quot  dies  abstulit?  quot  ille  candidatus?  quot  ilia  anus  efferendis 
heredibus  lassa?  quot  ille  ad  irritandam  avaritiam  captantium 
simulatus  aeger?  quot  ille  potentior  amicus  .  .  .?  The  extent  to 
which  the  interest  is  alienated  is  the  general  thought  which  is 
developed  in  this  analysis.  This  is  implied  in  the  preceding  state- 
ment '  Omnes  illi  .  .  .  tibi  abducunt,1  although  it  is  there  not  defi- 
nitely expressed,  and  it  is  the  analysis  which  renders  this  thought 
clear  and  distinct.  Tac.  D.,  36,  4:  Nam  etsi  horum  quoque 


14  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

temporum  oratores  ea  consecuti  sunt  quae  composita  ...  re 
publica  tribui  fas  erat,  tamen  ilia  perturbatione  ac  licentia  plura 
sibi  adsequi  videbantur,  cum  mixtis  omnibus  et  moderators  uno 
carentibus  tantum  quisque  orator  saperet,  quantum  erranti 
populo  persuadere  poterat.  Hinc  leges  assiduae  et  populare 
nomen,  hinc  contiones  magistratuum  paene  pernoctantium  in 
rostris,  hinc  accusationes  potentium  reorum  .  .  .,  hinc  procerum 
factiones  et  assidua  senatus  adversus  plebem  certamina.  The 
analysis  amplifies  a  general  idea  of  disorder,  which  is  not  defi- 
nitely expressed  otherwise,  although  it  is  suggested  to  the 
listener  by  such  expressions  in  the  preceding  sentence  as  per- 
turbatione ac  licentia,  mixtis  omnibus  .  .  .,  erranti  populo. 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis.  E.  g.,  Tac.  D.,  23,  1 1 : 
Quos  more  prisco  apud  iudices  fabulantes  non  auditores  sequuntur, 
non  populus  audit,  vix  denique  litigator  perpetitur.  The  expres- 
sion vix  denique  litigator  at  the  close  of  this  enumeration  imparts 
a  general  implication  that  no  one  pays  heed  to  the  speaker  ('  even 
the  client  can  scarcely  endure  his  speech'). 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed. 

This  is  a  still  further  reduction  of  the  degree  of  clearness  with 
which  the  general  truth  is  suggested.  The  speaker  of  course 
has  the  general  idea  present  in  his  mind,  but  he  depends  upon  the 
analysis,  each  member  of  which  is  marked  by  the  repetition 
of  the  same  introductory  word,  to  establish  this  general  truth  in 
the  mind  of  the  listener.  From  the  standpoint  of  the  latter  the 
process  here  is  to  a  certain  extent  equivalent  to  that  of  I  B  and 
II  B,  in  both  of  which  cases  the  analysis  precedes  any  suggestion 
of  the  general  truth  and  fixes  a  general  notion  in  the  listener's 
mind  before  it  is  actually  expressed  in  general  terms.  But  here, 
the  idea  which  is  formed  in  the  mind  of  the  listener  by  means  of 
the  analysis  must  suffice,  for  no  definite  formulation  follows. 
E.  g.,  PI.  Ep.,  2,  9,  4:  Habet  avunculum  C.  Septicium,  quo  nihil 
verius,  nihil  simplicius,  nihil  candidius,  nihil  fidelius  novi.  The 
analysis  is  of  some  such  general  truth  as  that  C.  Septicius  is 
surpassed  in  no  point  whatsoever.  This  idea  is  unexpressed  ex- 
cepting that  the  mere  mention  of  Septicius'  name  must  suggest  it 
to  Pliny,  and  it  is  to  this  thought  that  he  directs  the  listener's 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  15 

attention  by  a  heaping  up  of  superlative  characterizations  marked 
by  the  same  introductory  negative.  This  analysis  is  extended  to 
an  extent  sufficient  to  establish  the  general  truth  that  there  is 
no  point  in  which  Septicius  is  surpassed.  Florus,  3,  16,  I :  .  .  . 
C.  Gracchum,  hominem  sine  tribu,  sine  notore,  sine  nomine. 
The  repetition  of  sine  with  each  member  of  the  analysis  keeps 
the  thought  centered  on  a  general  idea  of  humility  in  every 
respect,  and  it  is  this  thought  which  the  analysis  amplifies. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive  of  anaphora. 

When  a  speaker  conceives  a  well-defined  contrast  to  exist 
between  two  general  ideas  and  he  wishes  to  establish  a  similar 
feeling  in  the  mind  of  the  listener  also,  he  may  do  this  by  develop- 
ing the  thought  of  one  or  both  of  these  contrasted  members  in 
specific  analysis,  and  by  marking  each  term  of  the  analysis  by 
the  repetition  of  the  same  particle.  By  this  means  he  establishes 
a  clear  notion  of  the  general  thought  in  contradistinction  to  the 
opposite  and  contrasted  thought. 

The  purpose  of  the  anaphora,  then,  is  not  to  mark  the  presence 
of  the  contrast,  but  rather  to  add  clarity  to  a  general  thought, 
which  by  other  means  is  shown  to  stand  in  contrast  to  some  other 
general  thought.  Each  case  of  anaphora  classified  under  this 
group,  when  considered  with  relation  to  its  own  clause,  without 
regarding  the  contrasted  element,  might  equally  well  be  placed 
in  one  of  the  three  preceding  groups,  as  occurring  in  the  ampli- 
fication of  a  general  truth,  and  it  is  only  because  of  the  additional 
contrasted  element  that  this  separate  class  is  formed. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  E.  g.,  Tac.  Ann.,  4, 
25,  8:  Ab  Romanis  confertus  pedes,  dispositae  turmae,  cuncta 
proelio  proviso,:  hostibus  contra  omnium  nesciis  non  arma,  non 
ordo,  non  consilium,  sed  pecorum  modo  trahi,  occidi,  capi.  The 
analysis  non  arma,  non  ordo,  non  consilium  develops  a  general 
thought  which  is  definitely  expressed  in  omnium  nesciis.  Thus, 
this  case  of  anaphora  is  exactly  parallel  to  those  already  con- 
sidered under  class  I.  But  the  real  purpose  of  the  analysis  is 
to  clarify  this  general  truth  hostibus  omnium  nesciis  by  ampli- 
fying it,  in  order  that  the  listener  may  have  a  clear  notion  of  it 


1 6  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

in  contrast  to  the  general  thought  ab  Romanis  .  .  .  cuncta 
proelio  provisa.  It  is  to  be  noted  that  it  is  not  the  anaphora 
which  here  marks  the  contrast,  but  the  balanced  use  of  Romanis 
.  .  .  hostibus,  and  the  particle  contra.  Tac.  Ann.,  3,  58,  12: 
Privatis  olim  simultatibus  effectum,  ut  a  pontificibus  maximis 
ire  in  provincias  prohiberentur:  nunc  deum  munere  summum 
pontificum  etiam  summum  hominum  esse,  non  aemulationi,  non 
odio  aut  privatis  adfectionibus  obnoxium.  The  analysis  non 
aemulationi,  non  odio  is  a  negative  amplification  of  the  general 
thought  which  the  repeated  summum1  expresses  in  opposite  form. 
The  object  of  thus  clarifying  the  general  thought  lies  in  the 
contrast  which  exists  between  this  thought  and  that  in  the  sen- 
tence preceding.  Nunc,  as  opposed  to  olim  in  the  contrasted 
member,  indicates  the  contrast. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.  E.  g.,  Cic.  Cat.,  4,  n,  23: 
Quae  cum  ita  sint,  pro  imperio,  pro  exercitu,  pro  provincia  .  .  ., 
pro  triumpho  ceterisque  laudis  insignibus  .  ,  .,  pro  clientelis 
hospitiisque  provincialibus  .  .  .,  pro  his  igitur  omnibus  rebus,  pro 
meis  in  vos  singularibus  studiis,  proque  hac  ...  ad  conservan- 
dam  rem  publicam  diligentia,  nihil  a  vobis  nisi  huius  temporis 
.  .  .  memoriam  postulo.  The  general  thought  which  is  devel- 
oped in  analysis  and  which  is  partially  summed  up  in  the  ex- 
pression his  omnibus  rebus,  is  contrasted  with  Cicero's  trivial 
request  nihil,  etc.,  which  follows. 

2.  The  general  truth  is  only  implied. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.     E.  g.,  Tac.  Ann.,  2,  80, 
13:  Contra  veterani  ordinibus  ac  subsidiis  instructi:  hinc  militum, 
inde  locorum  asperitas,  sed  non  animus,  non  spes,  ne  tela  quidem 
nisi  agrestia  aut  subitum  in  usum  properata.     Piso's  men  had  the 
advantage  of  position  ('hide  locorum  asperitas'),  but  that  was 
all ;  in  other  respects  they  were  in  every  way  deficient.     Ne  tela 
quidem  at  the  close  of  the  analysis  is  suggestive  of  such  a  general 
lack,  and  this  general  thought  is  here  amplified  for  contrast  with 
their  seasoned  opponents,  as  described  in  what  precedes. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     E.  g.,  PI.  Ep.,  2,  7,  i: 
.  .  .  statua  decreta  est,  non  ita  ut  multis,  qui  numquam  in  acie 

1  The  repetition  of  summum  is  not  anaphora. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  17 

steterunt,  numquam  castra  viderunt,  numquam  denique  tubarum 
sonum  nisi  in  spectaculis  audierunt,  verum  ut  illis,  qui  decus  istud 
sudore  et  sanguine  et  factis  adsequebantur.  The  analysis  adds 
clarity  to  the  general  thought  suggested  by  ita  ut  multis,  for  the 
purpose  of  contrast  with  the  thought  verum  ut  illis,  etc.,  which 
follows. 

3.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.     E.  g.,  Tac.  Ann.,  I,  42, 
19:  Hunc  ego  nuntium  patri,  laeta  omnia  aliis  e  provinciis  audienti, 
feram?     Ipsius    tirones,    ipsius   veteranos    non    missione,    non 
pecunia  satiates.     The  general  thought  which  is  amplified  here 
is  that  his  own  men  (both  tirones  and  veteranos)  were  entirely  dis- 
satisfied ('non  missione,  non  pecunia  satiatos').     This  general 
idea  is  contrasted  with  the  thought  laeta  omnia  aliis  e  provinciis. 
Tac.  H.,  3,  72,  6:  Arserat  et  ante  Capitolium  civili  bello,  sed 
fraude  privata:  nunc  palam  obsessum,  palam  incensum,  quibus 
armorum  causis,  quo  tantae  cladis  pretio? 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     E.  g.,  Hor.  C.,  I,  37,  i: 

Nunc  est  bibendum,  nunc  pede  libero 
Pulsanda  tellus;  nunc  Saliaribus 
Ornare  pulvinar  deorum 

Tempus  erat  dapibus,  sodales. 
Antehac  nefas  depromere  Caecubum 
Cellis  avitis,  dum.  .  .  . 

The  analysis  marked  by  the  repeated  nunc  develops  the  general 
thought '  Now  we  can  have  a  good  time '  into  the  specific  members 
est  bibendum,  pede  libero  pulsanda  tellust  etc.  By  means  of  the 
amplification  with  anaphora,  clarity  is  added  to  this  general  idea, 
for  the  purpose  of  contrast  with  the  following  clause  introduced 
by  antehac.  Tac.  Agr.,  32,  22 :  Hie  dux,  hie  exercitus:  ibi  tributa 
et  metalla  et  ceterae  servientium  poenae,  quas  in  aeternum  per- 
ferre  aut  statim  ulcisci  in  hoc  campo  est.  By  means  of  the  re- 
peated hie  attention  is  directed  to  dux  and  exercitus  as  individually 
representing  the  general  idea  of  national  independence.  This 
thought  is  contrasted  with  the  opposite  notion  of  bondage,  which 
is  developed  by  an  enumeration  of  details  without  the  employ- 
ment of  anaphora. 


1 8  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

C.  Sometimes  the  general  truths  in  both  members  of  the  con- 
trast are  each  analyzed  into  specific  phrases  marked  by  anaphora. 
E.  g.,  Val.  Max.,  6,  9,  14:  Ex  illo  Mario  tarn  humili  Arpini,  tarn 
ignobili  Romae,  tarn  fastidiendo  candidate  ille  Marius  evasit, 
qui  Africam  subegit,  qui  lugurtham  regem  ante  currum  egit,  qui 
Teutonorum  Cimbrorumque  exercitus  delevit,  cuius  bina  tropaea 
in  urbe  spectantur,  cuius  septem  in  fastis  consulatus  leguntur, 
cui  post  exilium  consulem  creari  .  .  .  contigit.  Tac.  Ann., 
I,  59,  16:  (Tributa)  Quae  quoniam  exuerint  inritusque  disces- 
serit  ille  inter  numina  dicatus  Augustus,  ille  delectus  Tiberius,  ne 
inperitum  adulescentulum,  ne  seditiosum  exercitum  pavescerent. 

V.  Summary  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A  secondary  motive  of  anaphora  may  be  to  add  clarity  to  a 
general  truth  otherwise  unexpressed,  which  in  this  expanded 
form  serves  as  a  summary  of  a  narration  or  description  which 
precedes  or  follows.  By  analyzing  the  general  truth  into  spe- 
cific members,  each  marked  by  the  same  introductory  word,  a 
clearer  notion  of  this  general  summarizing  idea  is  secured  than 
by  means  of  a  simple  statement  not  so  amplified.  Since  the 
general  truth  is  usually  unexpressed,  these  cases  of  anaphora 
might  equally  well  be  grouped  in  class  III,  were  it  not  for  the 
additional  summarizing  function  which  the  analyses  perform. 

A.  The  narration  or  description  precedes  the  summary.  At 
the  close  of  a  narration  or  a  description  which  has  extended  over 
several  paragraphs  or  even  chapters,  there  is  often  stated  a  sum- 
mary of  the  general  thought  which  has  been  already  expressed. 
Sometimes  an  analysis  with  anaphora  takes  the  place  of  a  defi- 
nite statement  in  general  form,  and  this  results  in  forming  a 
clearer  notion  of  the  general  truth  expressed  in  the  preceding 
paragraphs  than  would  be  imparted  by  a  general  summarizing 
statement  which  is  not  so  amplified.  E.  g.,  Mela,  I,  4,  24:  Haec 
summa  nostri  orbis,  hae  maximae  partes,  hae  formae  gentesque 
partium.  The  general  thought  developed  in  this  analysis  is  that 
'these  are  the  principal  geographical  features.'  Instead  of  ex- 
pressing this  thought  in  general  form,  an  analysis  is  substituted, 
thereby  calling  attention  more  clearly  to  the  general  truth  which 
the  preceding  chapters  have  developed.  Tac.  Agr.,  18,  i:  Hunc 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  1 9 

Britanniae  statum,  has  bellorum  vices  media  iam  aestate  trans- 
gressus  Agricola  invenit.  PI.  Ep.,  5,  6,  28:  Haec  fades,  hie 
visus  a  fronte.  Mela,  3,  I,  i:  Dicta  est  ora  nostri  maris,  dictae 
insulae  quas  amplectitur. 

B.  The  narration  or  description  follows  the  summary.  An 
analysis  with  anaphora  may  take  the  place  of  a  general  state- 
ment at  the  beginning  of  a  narration  or  a  description,  thereby 
securing  at  once  a  clearer  notion  of  the  general  truth  about  to  be 
developed  than  would  be  imparted  by  a  general  summarizing 
statement  which  is  not  so  amplified.  Mendell1  notes  the  use  of 
"expressions  to  excite  anticipation "  as  being  a  point  of  Tacitus' 
style,  and  notes  that  "there  are  gradations  in  the  clearness  of 
such  connections."2  The  use  of  anaphora  referred  to  here 
seems  to  be  of  the  sort  of  connection  noted  by  Mendell.  E.  g.; 
Tac.  H.,  I,  45,  i:  Alium  crederes  senatum,  alium  populum: 
ruere  cuncti  in  castra,  anteire  proximos,  certare  cum  praecur- 
rentibus,  increpare  Galbam,  laudare  militum  iudicium,  exoscu- 
lari  Othonis  manum.  The  general  anticipatory  idea  which 
Tacitus  here  intends  to  impart  by  the  substitution  of  an  analysis 
with  anaphora  for  the  general  truth  is  that  cuncti  alii  erant. 
The  repeated  alium  suggests  this  thought,  while  senatum  and 
populum  are  regarded  as  indicative  of  a  sufficient  extent  to  justify 
the  general  term  cuncti.  By  means  of  this  analysis  Tacitus  estab- 
lishes at  once  a  clearer  notion  of  the  truth  about  to  be  developed 
in  greater  detail,  but  without  anaphora,  than  a  general  statement 
would  impart.  Tac.  Ann.,  2,  82,  14:  Forte  negotiatores  .  .  . 
laetiora  de  valetudine  eius  attulere.  Statim  credita,  statim  vul- 
gata  sunt:  ut  quisque  obvius,  quamvis  leviter  audita  in  alios 
atque  illi  in  plures  cumulata  gaudio  transferunt.  Cursant  per 
urbem,  moliuntur  templorum  fores;  iuvat  credulitatem  nox  et 
promptior  inter  tenebras  adfirmatio.  The  analysis  expresses 
the  general  thought  in  the  manner  of  an  anticipatory  summary 
with  greater  clarity  than  would  result  from  a  simple  expression 
of  rapidity.  Tac.  H.,  4,  52,  4:  Non  legiones,  non  classes  perinde 
firma  imperii  munimenta  quam  numerum  liberorum;  nam  amicos 
tempore,  fortuna,  cupidinibus  aliquando  aut  erroribus  imminui, 

1  Mendell,  Sentence  Connection  in  Tacitus,  p.  36  ff. 

2  Ditto  p.  38. 


2O  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

transferri,  desinere:  suum  cuique  sanguinem  indiscretum,  sed 
maxime  principibus,  quorum  prosperis  et  alii  fruantur,  adversa 
ad  iunctissimos  pertineant.  An  analysis  with  anaphora  is 
substituted  for  a  general  summarizing  statement  at  the  beginning 
of  the  more  extended  expression  of  the  general  thought. 

§  5.    FURTHER  EXPLANATION  OF  THE  SCHEME  OF  CLASSIFICATION 

USED. 

The  preceding  groups  may  be  further  subdivided  according 
to  the  content  of  the  general  truth,  which  may  be 

a.  A  general  idea  of  number. 

1.  Positive  number  (as  omnes). 

2.  Negative  number  (as  nihil). 

b.  A  general  idea  of  degree. 

c.  General  truths  of  miscellaneous  character. 

Again,  there  may  be  a  direct  analysis  of  the  general  truth,  that 
is,  one  which  is  expressed  in  the  same  form  as  the  general  truth ; 
or  there  may  be  an  indirect  analysis,  that  is,  one  which  is  expressed 
in  opposite  form.  For  example,  the  general  statement  'ut 
omnem  omnium  artium  varietatem  complecteretur '  might  be 
analyzed  (i)  in  direct  form, — 'Hie  geometriam,  hie  musicam, 
hie  grammaticam  complectebat ' ;  or  else  (ii)  in  opposite  form, — 
1  non  geometriae,  non  musicae,  non  grammaticae  .  .  .  scientiam 
ei  defuisse,'  as  Tacitus  actually  expresses  it.1  On  the  other  hand, 
a  general  negative  statement  '  ne  suis  quidem  laborant  occupa- 
tionibus '  might  be  analyzed  (i)  into  specific  negative  illustrations 
of  the  general  truth,  that  is,  in  direct  form;  or  (ii)  it  might  be 
amplified  in  an  opposite  analysis, — 'ad  alienum  dormiunt  som- 
num,  ad  alienum  ambulant  gradum,'  which  is  the  form  employed 
by  Seneca.2 

Furthermore,  in  the  consideration  of  the  above  categories,  we 
must  distinguish  between  the  cases  in  which  (i)  the  repeated  word 
as  well  as  the  analysis  following,  reflects  the  content  of  the  general 
truth ;  and  those  in  which  (ii)  the  analysis  following  the  word 
used  in  anaphora,  but  not  the  repeated  word  itself,  reflects  this. 

1  Tac.  D.,  30,  21. 

2  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  19,  3. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  21 

I.  Let  us  first  consider  those  cases  in  which  the  repeated  word, 
as  well  as  the  analysis  following,  reflects  the  content  of  the  gen- 
eral truth. 

a.  A  general  idea  of  number. 

1.  Positive  number.     Such  a  general  idea  is  reflected  by  the 
use  of  one  of  the  following  words  in  anaphora: — tot,  omnis,  multus, 
etc.     E.  g.,  Sen.  D.,  VI,  26,  5 :  Tot  saecula,  tot  aetatium  contextum, 
seriem,  quicquid   annorum  est,    licet  visere.     The  accumulation 
of  specific  expressions  of  number  marked  by  a  repetition  of  tot, 
quam  multi,  etc.,  if  carried  to  a  sufficient  extent,   results  in 
establishing  a  general  numerical  truth,  such  as  omnes,  quicquid 
annorum  est,  etc. 

2.  Negative  number.     Such  a  general  idea  as  nihil,  etc.,  is 
reflected  by  the  repetition  of  one  of  the  following  words  in  each 
member  of  the  analysis: — 

a.  A  negative,  as  non,  nullus,  nihil,  etc.     E.  g.,  Tac.  G.,  19,  7: 
Publicatae enim  pudicitiae  nulla  venia:  non  forma,  non  aetate,  non 
opibus  maritum  invenerit.     The  analysis  consists  of  a  rejection 
of  successive  possibilities,   such  as  forma,  aetate,   opibus,   each 
elimination  being  marked  by  a  repetition  of  the  same  negative. 
This  enumeration  of  various  contingencies  is  carried  to  an  extent 
sufficient  to  establish  the  general  truth  that  there  is  nothing 
which  is  not  thus  included,  i.  e.,  nulla  venia. 

0.  A  word  of  negative  content,  as  sine  or  quis?  (Interroga- 
tive). The  repeated  use  of  quiz?  interrogatively,  introducing 
questions  involving  negative  answers,  results  in  establishing  a 
general  negative  idea,  which  may  itself  be  definitely  expressed, 
although  more  often  this  is  not  the  case.  E.  g.,  Sen.  Brev.  Vit., 
13,  9:  Tamen  cuius  ista  errores  minuent?  cuius  cupiditates  pre- 
ment?  quern  fortiorem,  quern  iustiorem,  quern  liberaliorem  facient? 

b.  A  general  idea  of  degree.     Such  a  general  truth  as  maxima, 
optimum,  quam  peritus,  tanti  laboris,  etc.,  is  reflected  by  one  of 
the  following  in  anaphora: — tarn,  quam,  sic,  ita,  quantum,  totiens, 
is  (used  as  an  adjective  and  meaning  'such  a').     E.  g.,  Tac.  D., 
23,  21 :  .  .  .  et  vos,  Materne  ac  Secunde,  ita  gravitati  sensuum 
nitorem  et  cultum  verborum  miscetis,  ea  electio  inventionis,  is 
ordo  rerum,  ea  .  .  .  ubertas,   ea  .  .  .  brevitas,   is  .  .  .  decor, 


22  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

ea  sententiarum  planitas  est,  sic  exprimitis  adfectus,  sic  liber- 
tatem  temperatis,  ut.  .  .  .  Such  an  accumulation  of  specific 
expressions  of  degree  tends  to  establish  a  general  idea  of  degree, 
which  includes  each  individual  impression. 

c.  Other  general  truths  of  miscellaneous  character  may  be 
reflected  in  words  of  definite  content,  such  as  nouns,  adjectives, 
adverbs,  etc.,  used  in  anaphora  to  introduce  analyses  of  the 
general  thought  whose  content  they  reproduce.  E.  g.,  PI.  Ep., 
I,  20,  12:  Adiciam,  quod  me  docuit  usus,  magister  egregius. 
Frequenter  egi,  frequenter  iudicavi,  frequenter  in  consilio  fui.  It 
often  happens  that  the  general  idea  is  expressed  in  vague  terms, 
as  in  PI.  Ep.,  2,  I,  12:  ...  sed  totus  animus  in  hac  una  contem- 
plations defixus  est.  Verginium  cogito,  Verginium  video, 
Verginium  iam  vanis  imaginibus,  recentibus  tamen,  audio,  ad- 
loquor,  teneo.  In  this  case  the  analysis  adds  meaning  to  the 
statement  in  hac  una  contemplatione  by  increased  definiteness, 
although  an  additional  purpose  of  Pliny's  in  this  analysis  seems 
to  be  a  development  of  the  thought  totus  animus. 

II.  The  members  of  the  analysis  which  follow  the  repeated 
word  but  not  the  repeated  word  itself,  reflect  the  content  of  the 
general  truth.  A  large  number  of  the  forms  used  in  anaphora  fall 
into  this  category.  The  repeated  word  connects  the  analysis 
with  some  member  of  the  general  statement,  but  the  actual 
reflection  of  the  general  content  is  to  be  found  in  the  analysis 
following  and  not  in  the  repeated  word.  For  example,  words 
like  hie,  ille,  qui,  hinc,  cum,  dum,  ubi,  and  numerous  others  are 
so  used  in  anaphora,  none  of  which  when  taken  alone  yields  any 
suggestion  of  number,  degree,  or  any  other  definite  content. 
But  by  means  of  the  anaphora  there  occurs  a  separation  into 
distinct,  individual  phrases,  each  suggestive  of  the  general  truth ; 
the  attention  of  the  listener  is  centered  on  each  in  turn,  which 
results  in  establishing  the  truth  of  the  general  statement  even 
though  the  repeated  words  themselves  convey  no  impression  of 
its  internal  meaning.1 

Not  only  are  pronouns,  particles,  and  other  words  which  in 

1  Steele,  T.  A.  P.  A.,  32,  164,  says  of  such  cases  that  "the  attention  of  the 
listener  is  fixed  by  setting  forth  similar  details  of  the  topic  under  consideration, 
and  by  striking  the  same  verbal  key  from  three  to  six  times,  or  even  more." 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  23 

themselves  yield  no  suggestion  of  the  general  content  used  in 
this  way,  but  sometimes  words  of  definite  content  are  similarly 
employed.  E.  g.,  Sen.  D.,  VI,  12,  4:  Circumfer  per  omnem 
notorum,  ignotorum  frequentiam  oculos,  occurrent  tibi  passi 
ubigue  maiora.  Senserunt  ista  magni  duces,  senserunt  principes. 
Here  the  repeated  senserunt  represents  passi  in  the  general  state- 
ment, and  the  purpose  of  the  anaphora  seems  to  be  to  call  at- 
tention to  magni  duces  and  principes  as  specific  illustrations  of 
the  general  term  ubique.  The  repeated  word  has  a  demonstrative 
force  and  it  is  the  analysis  following  which  reflects  the  content  of 
the  general  truth. 

The  analysis  develops  general  truths  as  follows: 

a.  Analysis  of  a  general  idea  of  number  or  completeness.     A 
general  expression  of  number  is  followed  by  a  succession  of 
specific  instances,  each  of  which  is  marked  by  the  repetition  of 
the  same  word,  and  this  enumeration  is  extended  to  an  extent 
sufficient  to  establish  the  feeling  in  the  listener's  mind  that  all 
contingencies  are  so  included.     E.  g.,  Trogus,  41,  3,  4:  Equis 
omni  tempore  vectantur;  illis  bella,  ittis  convivia,  illis  publica  ac 
privata  officia  obeunt;  super  illos  ire,  consistere,  mercari,  colloqui. 
The  enumeration  bella,  convivia,  publica  ac  privata  officia,  etc., 
to  which  the  attention  is  directed  by  the  repeated  illis,  tends,  as 
it  proceeds,  to  establish  the  general  truth  omni  tempore. 

b.  Analysis  of  a  general  idea  of  degree.     E.  g.,  Sen.  Brev.  Vit., 
9,  I :  Maxima  porro  vitae  iactura  dilatio  est:  ilia  primum  quemque 
extrahit  diem,  ilia  eripit  praesentia,  dum  ulteriora  promittit. 
When  the  general  thought  is  one  of  degree,  as  'Mors  optimum 
inventum  naturae  est,'1  or  'Maxima  vitae  iactura  dilatio  est,' 
the  thought  developed  by  each  of  the  specific  phrases  of  the 
analysis  is  that  'Mors  bonum  inventum  est'  or  ' Magna  iactura 
dilatio  est.'     Through  an  accumulation  of  specific  instances  of 
the  thought  bonum  inventum  or  magna  iactura,  the  general  truth 
in  superlative  form  is  gradually  established,  namely  that  'Mors 
optimum  inventum  ...  est '  or  '  Maxima  .  .  .  iactura  dilatio 
est.' 

c.  Analysis  of  general  truths  of  miscellaneous  character.     Just 
1  Cf.  p.  4  above. 


24  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA. 

as  a  succession  of  specific  instances  of  number  or  degree,  marked 
by  anaphora,  tends  to  establish  such  a  general  idea,  in  like  manner 
any  general  truth  may  be  established  by  means  of  an  analysis 
into  specific  cases,  the  accumulation  of  which  results  in  the 
general  formulation.  E.  g.,  Quint.  D.,  249,  p.  24,  9:  Matrimoniis 
.  .  .  scitis  contineri  civitatem:  his  populos,  his  liberos  et  succes- 
sionem  patrimoniorum  et  gradum  hereditatum,  his  securitatem 
domesticam.  Here,  an  enumeration  of  several  cases  in  which 
matrimoniis  contineri  civitatem  is  true,  results  in  establishing 
the  truth  of  this  general  statement. 


C.     PARTICULAR  DISCUSSION  OF  ANAPHORA. 

An  individual  examination  of  the  different  forms  that  are  used 
in  anaphora  will  now  be  made,  with  a  view  towards  illustrating 
in  detail  the  conclusions  which  have  been  formulated  in  the 
general  discussion.  These  various  elements  will  be  considered  as 
follows: — (i)  Negatives,  (2)  Pronouns,  (3)  Adverbs,  (4)  Ad- 
jectives, (5)  Verbs,  (6)  Nouns,  (7)  Conjunctions,  (8)  Prepositions. 

§  i.    ANAPHORA  OF  NEGATIVES. 

When  the  repeated  word  is  a  negative,  it  reflects  in  all  cases  the 
negative  content  of  the  general  truth.1  The  writer  or  speaker 
has  this  general  negative  idea  prominent  in  his  mind  as  he  utters 
each  particular  member  of  the  analysis,  and  by  repeating  the 
same  negative  at  the  beginning  of  each  phrase,  he  at  length 
impresses  the  mind  of  the  listener  also  with  this  general  truth.2 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis. 

I.  The  general  statement  is  expressed  in  negative  form.3 

a.  The  general  statement  contains  an  actual  negative.  Tac. 
G.,  19,  7:  Publicatae  enim  pudicitiae  nulla  venia:  non  forma,  non 
aetate,  non  opibus  maritum  invenerit.  Various  possibilities, 
such  as  forma,  aetate,  opibus  are  here  enumerated  to  an  extent 
sufficient  to  establish  the  general  truth  nulla  venia.  Sen.  Brev- 
Vit.,  7,  3:  Denique  inter  omnes  convenit  nullam  rem  bene  exerceri 
posse  ab  homine  occupato,  non  eloquentiam,  non  liberates  dis- 
ciplinas,  .  .  .  sed  omnia  velut  inculcata  respuit.  Tac.  Ann., 
3,  5,  8:  At  Germanico  ne  solitos  guidem  .  .  .  honores  contigisse. 
.  .  .  Non  fratrem,  nisi  unius  diei  via,  non  patruum  saltern  porta 
tenus  obvium.  Sen.  D.,  XI,  9,  4:  .  .  .  cogita  plura  esse,  quae 
non  timet:  non  ira  eum  torquebit,  non  morbus  affliget,  non  suspicio 

1  It  is  to  be  noted  that  there  are  no  examples  of  negatives  used  in  anaphora 
without  reflecting  the  content  of  the  general  truth,  although  most  forms 
present  this  alternative  possibility. 

2  Besides  actual  negatives  the  preposition  sine  is  in  meaning  the  equivalent 
of  a  negative,  and  is  included  in  the  present  treatment. 

3  For  a  general  discussion  of  this  type  see  page  21. 

25 


26  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

lacesset,  non  edax  .  .  .  invidia  consectabitur,  non  metus  solli- 
citabit,  non  levitas  fortunae  .  .  .  inquietabit.  This  is  an 
analysis  of  the  general  thought  plura  non  timet,  which  differs 
from  such  general  truths  as  nihil  only  in  degree. 

ft.  The  general  statement  contains  the  equivalent  of  a  negative. 
Tac.  G.,  46,  ii :  Fennis  mira  feritas,  foeda  paupertas:  non  arma, 
non  equi,  non  penates;  victui  herba,  vestitui  pelles,  cubili  humus: 
solae  in  sagittis  opes,  ....  Paupertas  does  not  have  a  negative 
content  exclusively,  but  a  notion  of  lack  is  prominent  in  con- 
nection with  the  word,  and  this  is  developed  in  a  negative  analysis. 
This  analysis,  introduced  by  the  repeated  non,  is  followed  by  a 
positive  analysis,  but  without  anaphora,  although  the  succession 
of  datives,  victui,  vestitui,  cubili,  calls  attention  to  herba,  pelles, 
humus,  specific  illustrations  of  paupertas,  and  thus  to  a  certain 
degree  approaches  the  effect  of  anaphora.  Sen.  Tranq.  An.,  1,5: 
Tenet  me  summus  amor  parsimoniae,  fateor:  placet  non  in  am- 
bitionem  cubile  compositum,  non  ex  arcula  prolata  vestis,  non 
ponderibus  ac  mille  tormentis  splendere  cogentibus  expressa, 
sed  domes tica  et  vilis,  ....  This  is  an  analysis  of  the  negative 
idea  in  parsimoniae. 

The  examples  which  immediately  follow  contain  analyses  of 
a  general  idea  of  difference.  Such  general  expressions  as  longe 
alia,  nee  ut  alii,  etc.,  imply  the  absence  of  usual  qualities  as  well 
as  the  presence  of  unusual  qualities,  and  the  analysis  of  the 
general  thought  may  take  a  double  course  of  development  in 
accordance  with  these  two  implications.  When  characterizing 
a  thing  as  being  longe  alia  or  diversa  omnium,  it  is  the  former 
thought  of  qualities  lacking  which  frequently  predominates, 
and  this  is  expressed  by  a  negative  analysis.  An  example  of  an 
analysis  from  both  points  of  view  follows:  Tac.  Agr.  5,  3:  Nee 
Agricola  licenter,  more  iuvenum,  .  .  .  neque  segniter  ad  voluptates 
et  commeatus  titulum  tribunatus  et  inscitiam  rettulit:  sed 
noscere  provinciam,  nosci  exercitui,  discere  a  peritis,  sequi  optimos, 
nihil  adpetere  in  iactationem,  nihil  ob  formidinem  recusare 
simulque  et  anxius  et  intentus  agere.  The  general  truth  'nee 
Agricola  licenter  .  .  .  neque  segniter  .  .  .  titulum  .  .  .  rettulit' 
is  itself  really  expressed  more  or  less  in  negative  analysis,  but 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  27 

without  anaphora,  even  before  the  double  analysis  with  anaphora, 
which  follows.  The  thought  is  first  analyzed  positively, — '  sed 
noscere  etc.';  the  succession  of  infinitives  commencing  each 
clause,  with  anaphora  in  the  first  two,  centers  the  attention  on 
each  phrase  individually  and  thus  keeps  prominent  the  funda- 
mental idea  which  they  illustrate.  Following  this  is  a  negative 
analysis  with  nihil  repeated.  Tac.  H.,  2,  99,  4:  Longe  alia  pro- 
ficiscentis  ex  urbe  Germanici  exercitus  species:  non  vigor  cor- 
poribus,  non  ardor  animis.  Tac.  H.,  3,  76,  5:  .  .  .  lascivia 
socordiaque  gladiatorum  magis  quam  ducum  similes.  Non 
vigilias  agere,  non  intuta  moenium  firmare.  The  analysis 
consists  of  specific  illustrations  of  the  general  thought  of  the 
leaders'  unlikeness  to  real  duces. 

2.  The  general  statement  is  expressed  in  the  opposite  affirma- 
tive form.  A  general  statement  is  followed  by  a  negative  an- 
alysis which  is  made  up  of  specific  phrases  in  denial  of  the  reverse 
of  this  general  truth.  By  means  of  such  an  accumulation  of 
cases,  marked  by  the  same  introductory  negative,  there  is  estab- 
lished the  general  idea  that  there  is  nothing  which  is  inconsistent 
with  the  general  truth.  A  general  affirmative  statement  is 
itself  suggestive  to  the  listener  of  a  specific  affirmative  analysis. 
But,  when  in  addition  to  this  the  speaker  places  before  him  the 
opposite  negative  analysis,  he  imparts  a  clearer  impression  of 
the  general  truth  by  means  of  this  double  presentation  than  would 
result  from  the  mere  affirmative  expression. 

a.  The  general  statement  which  is  expressed  is  one  of  number 
or  completeness,  such  as  omnes  or  complebantur,  but  the  analysis 
is  in  opposite  negative  form.  Tac.  D.,  30,  19:  .  .  .  ut  omnem 
omnium  artium  varietatem  complecteretur.  Itaque  hercle  in 
libris  Ciceronis  deprehendere  licet,  non  geometriae,  non  musicae, 
non  denique  ullius  ingenuae  artis  scientiam  ei  defuisse.  The 
general  truth  is  first  stated  positively  '  ut  omnem  omnium  artium 
varietatem  complecteretur,'  followed  by  an  analysis  in  opposite 
negative  form.  This  general  thought  might  have  been  formu- 
lated negatively  'ut  nihil  deesset,'  and  the  negative  analysis  is 
formed  by  separating  such  a  general  truth  into  specific  details. 
At  the  close  of  the  analysis  a  general  negative  expression  actually 


28  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

occurs.  Tac.  Ann.,  16,  13,  6:  Sed  domus  corporibus  exanimis, 
itinera  funeribus  complebantur ;  non  sexus,  non  aetas  periculo 
vacua.  Tac.  Ann.,  I,  51,  2:  Quinquaginta  milium  spatium  ferro 
flammisque  pervastat.  Non  sexus,  non  aetas  miserationem 
attulit.  This  is  an  opposite  negative  analysis  of  the  general  idea 
of  completeness  expressed  by  the  prefix  per. 

ft.  But  the  truth  of  any  general  statement  may  be  established 
by  means  of  such  an  analysis  in  opposite  negative  form.  Sen. 
Brev.  Vit.,  8,  5:  Sicut  missa  est  a  primo  die,  curret,  nusquam 
devertetur,  nusquam  remorabitur.  The  general  truth  'Sicut 
missa  est  ...  curret'  ('his  course  will  be  a  consistent  one')  is 
established  by  an  analysis  into  specific  contrary  possibilities,  the 
exclusion  of  which  is  marked  by  the  repeated  negative  ('  there  will 
be  no  deviations').  Sen.  D.,  XI,  4,  I :  Stant  dura  et  inexorabilia; 
nemo  ilia  convicio,  nemo  fletu,  nemo  causa  movet;  nihil  umquam 
ulli  parcunt  nee  remittunt.  Tac.  G.,  19,  I :  Ergo  saepta  pudicitia 
agunt,  nullis  spectaculorum  inlecebris,  nullis  conviviorum  irri- 
tationibus  corruptae.  PL  Ep.,  2,  17,  22:  lunctum  est  cubiculum 
noctis  et  somni.  Non  illud  voces  servulorum,  non  maris  murmur, 
non  tempestatum  motus,  non  fulgurum  lumen  ac  ne  diem  quidem 
sentit  nisi  fenestris  apertis. 

7.  In  many  cases  a  general  expression  of  degree,  such  as  to  turn, 
continua  discordia,  etc.,  accompanies  the  general  statement,  and 
a  desire  on  the  part  of  the  speaker  to  give  the  listener  a  clear 
impression  of  this  general  idea  may  influence  him  to  the  use  of 
this  double  form  of  statement.  Sen.  D.,  VI,  5,  4:  Nunc  incu- 
buisti  tota  in  alteram  partem  et  oblita  meliorum  fortunam  tuam 
qua  deterior  est  aspicis:  non  convertis  te  ad  convictus  filii  tui 
occursusque  iucundos,  non  ad  pueriles  dulcesque  blanditias,  non 
ad  incrementa  studiorum.  The  general  truth  'Incubuisti  tota 
in  alteram  partem  etc.,'  is  established  by  means  of  a  denial  of 
specific  contrary  possibilities,  each  case  being  marked  by  the 
repeated  non.  Tac.  Ann.,  3,  28,  4:  Exim  continua  per  viginti 
annos  discordia,  non  mos,  non  ius.  Sen.  D.,  VI,  19,  6:  Excessit 
filius  tuus  terminos,  intra  quos  servitur,  excepit  ilium  magna  et 
aeterna  pax:  non  pauper tatis  metu,  non  divitiarum  cura,  non 
libidinis  per  voluptatem  animos  carpentis  stimulis  incessitur, 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  29 

non  invidia  felicitatis  alienae  tangitur,  non  suae  premitur,  ne 
conviciis  quidem  ullis  verecundae  aures  verberantur;  nulla 
publica  clades  prospicitur,  nulla  privata.  Through  the  extended 
analysis  of  magna  et  aeterna  pax  in  negative  form  introduced  by 
the  repeated  non  and  nulla,  a  clear  notion  of  this  general  thought 
in  its  opposite  positive  aspect  is  developed  in  the  mind  of  the 
listener.  Tac.  G.  35,  6:  ...  populus  inter  Germanos  nobilis- 
simuSj  quique  magnitudinem  suam  malit  iustitia  tueri.  Sine 
cupiditate,  sine  impotentia,  quieti  secretique  nulla  provocant 
bella,  nullis  raptibus  aut  latrociniis  populantur. 
B.  The  general  statement  follows  the  analysis. 

1.  It  is  expressed  in  negative  form. 

a.  It  contains  an  actual  negative.  Tac.  D.,  30,  21.  See 
page  13.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  20,  5:  .  .  .  vita  est  sine  fructu,  sine 
voluptate,  sine  ullo  profectu  animi.  Tac.  H.,  4,  77,  14:  Incensus 
ira,  "Non  Flaccum,"  inquit,  "non  Voculam  deseritis:  nulla  hie 
proditio;  neque  aliud  excusandum  habeo,  quam.  .  .  ." 

£.  The  general  statement  contains  the  equivalent  of  a  negative, 
Tac.  Ann.,  i,  70,  16:  Pernoctavere  sine  utensilibus,  sine  ignir 
magna  pars  nudo  aut  mulcato  corpore,  haud  minus  miserabiles'- 
quam  quos  hostis  circumsidet.  A  general  idea  of  lack  as  expressed 
by  miserabiles  is  developed  negatively  in  the  preceding  analysis, 

2.  The  general  statement  is  expressed  in  opposite  positive  form. 
a.  Negative  analysis  of  a  general  idea  of  number.     Diod.  Sic., 

3»  I3>  3:  ®v  V"P  Tvyxdvei  W^VUM?  ovS'  ai/eVeo*  aTrXw?  ovtc 
a/>/>G>o-T09,  o  v  TreTnj/aoyteVo?,  o  v  yeyrjpa/coK,  o  v  yvvaucbs  curOe'veia, 
TT  a  i>  T  e  9  8  e  TrXrjyais  ava^/Ka^ovraLirpoa-icaprepelv rofc  6/37045,  .... 
By  an  enumeration  of  a  number  of  specific  cases  which  are  not 
excluded  from  the  sufferings  mentioned,  the  general  truth 
7rai/T€9  is  established.  Tac.  G.,  40,  13:  Non  bella  ineunt,  non 
arma  sumunt;  clausum  omne  ferrum. 

P.  Negative  analysis  of  any  general  statement.  Tac.  D.,  6,  6: 
Idque  scire  non  pecuniae,  non  orbitati,  non  officii  alicuius  admin- 
istration!, sed  sibi  ipsi  dari.  The  general  truth  expressed  in 
sibi  ipsi  dari  is  established  by  means  of  an  elimination  of  other 
possibilities.  Tac.  H.,  3,  70,  17:  Si  conventionis  paeniteat, 
non  se  .  .  .  ferro  peteret,  non  filium  Vespasiani  vix  puberem 


3O  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

.  .  .:  iret  obviam  legionibus  et  de  summa  rerum  illic  certaret. 
The  general  truth  iret  obviam  legionibus  is  established  through 
the  elimination  of  opposite  possibilities.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  8,  5: 
Nihil  tumultuabitur,  nihil  admonebit  velocitatis  suae:  tacita 
labetur. 

7.  Negative  analysis  of  a  general  statement  in  which  an  ex- 
pression of  degree  is  prominent.  PI.  Ep.,  I,  9,  5:  Nihil  audio, 
quod  audisse,  nihil  dico,  quod  dixisse  paeniteat;  nemo  apud  me 
quemquem  sinistris  sermonibus  carpi t,  neminem  ipse  reprehendo, 
nisi  tamen  me,  cum  parum  commode  scribo;  nulla  spe,  nullo 
timore  sollicitor,  nullis  rumoribus  inquietor:  mecum  tantum  et 
cum  libellis  loquor.  O  rectam  sinceramque  vitam,  o  dulce  otium 
honestumque  ac  paene  omni  negotio  pulchrius!  The  degree  of 
satisfaction  with  which  Pliny  regards  his  life  at  his  Laurentian 
villa  is  developed  by  means  of  a  negative  analysis  of  circumstances 
lacking.  This  accumulation  results  in  establishing  an  opposite 
general  idea  of  its  positive  nature,  and  this  is  definitely  expressed 
at  the  close  of  the  negative  analysis  by  the  positive  statement 
'O  rectam  sinceramque  vitam,'  followed  by  a  further  positive 
amplification.  Sen.  D.,  VI,  26,  3:  ...  nil  aput  vos  .  .  . 
optabile,  nil  excelsum,  nil  splendidum,  sed  humilia  cuncta  et 
gravia  et  anxia  et  quotam  partem  luminis  nostri  cernentia !  Tac. 
H.,  4,  76,  9:  Nam  Germanos  .  .  .  non  iuberi,  non  regi,  sed 
cuncta  ex  libidine  agere. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  only  implied.  A  general  negative 
idea  is  prominent  in  the  mind  of  the  speaker,  but  it  is  only  implied 
without  being  definitely  expressed.  The  analysis  amplifies  this 
thought  and  gives  the  listener  a  clearer  impression  of  it  than  he 
would  derive  from  the  mere  implication. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.  Sen.  Const.  Sap., 
6,  8 :  Bona  eius  solidis  et  inexuperabilibus  munimentis  praecincta 
sunt.  Non  Babylonios  illis  muros  contuleris  .  .  .,  non  Car- 
thaginis  aut  Numantiae  moenia  .  .  .,  non  Capitolium  arcemve, 
habent  ista  hostile  vestigium.  The  general  thought  which  the 
analysis  amplifies  is  that  the  strongest  cities  of  history  are  not 
to  be  compared  with  the  impregnability  of  sapientia.  This 
general  thought  is  implied  in  the  sentence  preceding.  PL  Ep., 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  31 

9,  6,  I :  Circenses  erant,  quo  genere  spectaculi  ne  lemssime  quidem 
teneor.  Nihil  novum,  nihil  varium,  nihil  quod  non  semel  spec- 
tasse  sufficiat.  This  is  an  analysis  of  a  general  idea  that  the 
games  are  entirely  lacking  in  attracting  qualities,  which  thought  is 
suggested  by  the  preceding  statement  'ne  levissime  quidem 
teneor.'  Tac.  G.,  43,  14:  Praesidet  sacerdos  muliebri  ornatu, 
sed  deos  interpretatione  Romana  Castorem  Pollucemque  me- 
morant.  Ea  vis  numini,  nomen  Alcis.  Nulla  simulcra,  nullum 
peregrinae  superstitionis  vestigium.  The  fundamental  idea 
underlying  is  'In  what  way  is  this  tribe  like  the  Romans?  In 
what  way  unlike  them? '  The  latter  negative  thought  is  analyzed 
into  the  specific  phrases  introduced  by  nulla.  Tac.  Ann.,  13,  35, 
I :  Sed  Corbuloni  plus  molis  adversus  ignaviam  militum  quam 
contra  perfidiam  hostium  erat:  .  .  .  munia  castrorum  aegerrime 
tolerabant.  Satis  constitit  fuisse  in  eo  exercitu  veteranos,  qui 
non  stationem,  non  vigilias  inissent,  vallum  fossamque  quasi  nova 
et  mira  viserent,  sine  galeis,  sine  loricis,  nitidi  et  quaestuosi, 
militia  per  oppida  expleta.  The  general  idea  of  the  soldiers' 
absolute  deficiency,  as  implied  in  what  precedes,  is  analyzed  with 
special  reference,  first,  to  their  inexperience,  non  stationem,  etc., 
and  secondly,  to  their  equipment,  sine  galeis,  etc.  Tac.  D.,  40, 
17:  Rhodii  quidam,  plurimi  Athenienses  oratores  extiterunt,  apud 
quos  omnia  populus,  omnia  imperiti,  omnia  .  .  .  omnes  poterant. 
Nostra  quoque  civitas,  donee  erravit,  donee  se  partibus  et  dissen- 
sionibus  et  discordiis  confecit,  donee  nulla  fuit  in  foro  pax,  nulla 
in  senatu  concordia,  nulla  in  iudiciis  moderatio,  nulla  superiorum 
reverentia,  nullus  magistratuum  modus,  tulit  sine  dubio  valen- 
tiorem  eloquentiam.  .  .  .  Just  as  the  orators  were  numerous  in 
the  Rhodian  and  Athenian  states,  so  our  state  too  ('  nostra  quoque 
civitas')  was  more  conducive  to  oratory  while  similar  conditions 
existed.  The  general  idea  of  disorder  which  is  developed  by  the 
analysis  introduced  by  nulla,  is  derived  from  the  similar  state- 
ment made  of  the  Rhodian  and  Athenian  states,  but  which  is 
there  expressed  in  the  opposite  form,  'omnia  .  .  .  omnes  poter- 
ant.' Tac.  Ann.,  16,  I,  i:  Inlusit  dehinc  Neroni  fortuna  per 
vanitatemipsius.  .  .  .  (Ann.,  16,  2,  i)  Igitur  Nero,  non  auctoris, 
non  ipsius  negotii  fide  satis  spectata  nee  missis,  per  quos  nosceret 


32  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

an  vera  adferrentur,  auget  ultro  rumorem,  ....  The  analysis 
'non  auctoris,  non  ipsius  negotii  fide  satis  spectata'  develops  a 
general  thought  that  Nero  'did  not  make  sufficient  investigation,' 
as  implied  in  the  phrase  'Inlusit  .  .  .  per  vanitatem  ipsius'  at 
the  commencement  of  Chapter  I.  The  analysis  thus  recalls 
this  general  thought  to  the  listener's  attention  at  the  beginning 
of  Chapter  2. 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis.  Tac.  H.,  3,  82,  3: 
Ratio  cunctandi,  ne  asperatus  proelio  miles  non  populo,  non 
senatui,  ne  templis  quidem  ac  delubris  deorum  consuleret.  The 
general  idea  behind  the  analysis  is  a  fear  that  no  one  will  be 
respected,  suggestion  of  which  is  contained  in  the  expression 
'ne  templis  quidem  ac  delubris  deorum'  ('not  even  the  gods'). 
Tac.  Ann.,  2,  14,  10:  Non  loricam  Germano,  non  galeam,  ne  scuta 
quidem  ferro  nervove  firmata,  sed.  .  .  .  The  general  thought 
nihil  underlies  the  analysis.  Tac.  D.,  23,  n.  See  page  14. 
Tac.  Ann.,  6,  22,  5:  ...  non  initia  nostri,  non  finem,  non  denique 
homines  dis  curae.  The  analysis  is  of  a  general  negative  idea, 
'nothing  of  human  affairs.'  This  is  suggested  by  the  phrase 
non  denique  homines,  and  the  balance  initia  .  .  .  finem,  repre- 
senting the  two  extremes  of  possibility,  aids  in  establishing  this 
general  truth. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.  A  general  negative 
idea  is  prominent  in  the  speaker's  mind,  even  though  he  gives  it 
no  definite  expression  either  before  or  after  the  analysis,  and  its 
content  can  be  ascertained  only  by  evidence  within  the  analysis. 
Florus,  3,  16,  i:  .  .  .  C.  Gracchum,  hominem  sine  tribu,  sine 
notore,  sine  nomine.  The  repetition  of  sine  with  each  member 
of  the  analysis  keeps  the  thought  centered  on  a  general  idea  of 
humility  in  every  respect,  which  the  analysis  develops.  Tac. 
Ann.,  2,  14,  17:  ...  non  divini,  non  humani  iuris  memores. 
The  repetition  of  non  with  both  members  of  the  analysis,  especi- 
ally in  this  example  where  the  cases  cited  exhaust  existing  possi- 
bilities, tends  to  establish  a  general  truth  nulli-iuris,  even  though 
this  is  itself  not  definitely  expressed.  Tac.  Ann.,  13,  43,  21:  .  .  . 
in  insulas  Baleares  pellitur,  non  in  ipso  discrimine,  non  post 
damnationem  fractus  animo.  '  At  no  time '  is  the  general  thought 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  33 

which  is  here  established  by  an  analysis  into  cases  which  exhaust 
existing  possibilities.  Tac.  Ann.,  15,  44,  7:  Sed  non  ope  humana, 
non  largitionibus  principis  aut  deum  placamentis  decedebat 
infamia,  quin  iussum  incendium  crederetur.  Tac.  H.,  I,  44,  i: 
Nullam  caedem  Otho  maiore  laetitia  excepisse,  nullum  caput  tarn 
insatiabilibus  oculis  perlustrasse  dicitur.  '  Otho  had  seen  nothing 
with  greater  delight.'  PL  Ep.,  2,  9,  4.  See  page  14. 

In  swearing  to  an  oath  there  is  a  fundamental  idea  present, 
and  this  may  be  amplified  either  positively  or  negatively, — either 
(i)  that  one  will  perform  something,  or  (ii)  that  one  will  not 
perform  the  opposite  thing.  In  this  second  case,  the  repetition 
of  a  negative  before  each  detail  of  the  analysis  centers  the  atten- 
tion both  of  the  person  taking  the  oath  and  of  the  listener  on  the 
fundamental  idea, — namely  (in  the  cases  immediately  following), 
that  the  person  swearing  'will  surely  refrain  from  using  violence,' 
that  he  'will  surely  refrain  from  yielding.'  Tac.  Ann.,  12,  47,  2: 
Adicit  ius  iurandum,  non  ferro,  non  veneno  vim  adlaturum.  Tac. 
Ann.,  12,  34,  9:  .  .  .  religione  obstringi,  non  telis,  non  vulneribus 
cessuros. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

1.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Tac.  Ann.,  4,  25,  8  and 
Ann.,  3,  58,  12.  See  page  15  f. 

2.  The  general  truth  is  imp  ied. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Tac.  H.,  3,  66,  9:  Nunc 
pecuniam  et  familiam  et  beatos  Campaniae  sinus  promitti:  set 
ubi  imperium  Vespasianus  invaserit,  non  ipsi,  non  amicis  eius, 
non  denique  exercitibus  securitatem  nisi  exstincto  aemulatore, 
redituram.  'Vespasian's  promises  are  generous,  but,  on  the 
other  hand,  his  rival  must  be  put  out  of  the  way,  or  his  position 
will  be  in  no  way  secure.'  The  analysis  adds  clarity  to  the 
second  member  of  the  contrast.  Tac.  D.,  32,  19:  .  .  .  ut  quae 
olim  omnium  artium  domino,  pulcherrimo  comitatu  pectora  im- 
plebat,  nunc  circumcisa  et  amputate,,  sine  apparatu,  sine  honore, 
paene  dixerim  sine  ingenuitate,  quasi  una  ex  sordidissimis  arti- 
ficiis  discatur.  The  general  thought  which  is  amplified  in  this 
second  member  of  the  contrast,  is  implied  in  the  phrase  '  circum- 
cisa et  amputata.' 


34  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     PL  Ep.,  2,  7,   i.     See 
page  1 6. 

3.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.     PL  Ep.,  3,  9,  30:  Est 
lege  cautum,   ut  reus  ante  peragatur,  tune  de  praevaricatore 
quaeratur,  videlicet  quia  optime  ex  accusatione  ipsa  accusatoris 
fides  aestimatur.     Norbano  tamen  non  ordo  legis,  non  legati  nomen , 
non  inquisitionis  officium  praesidio  fuit;  tanta  conflagravit  invidia 
homo  alioqui  flagitiosus,  ...  ut  ....     Norbanus'  case  is  con- 
trasted with  the  usual  procedure  as  expressed  in  the  foregoing. 
Sen.  Provid.,  2,  5:  Non  vides  quanto  aliter  patres,  aliter  matres 
indulgeant?     Illi    excitari    iubent    liberos    ad    studia    obeunda 
mature,  feriatis  quoque  diebus  non  patiuntur  esse  otiosos  et 
sudorem  illis  et  interdum  lacrimas  excutiunt;  at  matres  fovere  in 
sinu,  continere  in  umbra  volunt,  numquam  contristari,  numquam 
flere,  numquam  laborare. 

B.  The   contrasted   member   follows.     Sen.    Clem.,    I,   8,   2: 
Quam  multa  tibi  non  licent,  quae  nobis  beneficio  tuo  licent! 
Possum  in  qualibet  parte  urbis  solus  incedere  sine  timore,  quamvis 
nullus  sequatur  comes,  nullus  sit  domi,  nullus  ad  latus  gladius: 
tibi  in  tua  pace  armato  vivendum  est.     The  general  thought  which 
is  expressed  in  analysis,  is  contrasted  with  'tibi  .  .  .  armato/ 
which  follows. 

C.  Analysis  occurs  in  both  members  of  the  contrast.     Cic. 
SulL,  14 :  Multa,  cum  essem  consul,  de  summis  rei  publicae  pe- 
riculis  audivi,  multa  quaesivi,  multa  cognovi ;  nullus  umquam  de 
Sulla  nuntius  ad  me,  nullum  indicium,  nullae  litterae  pervenerunt, 
nulla  suspicio.     Sen.  D.,  VI,  12,  2:  Licet  itaque  nil  tibi  industria 
eius  contulerit,  nihil  diligentia  custodierit,  nihil  prudentia  sua- 
serit,  ipsum  quod  habuisti,  quod  amasti,  fructus  est. 

V.  Summary  as  a  secondary  motive. 

B.  An  extended  narration  or  description  follows.     Tac.  H.  4, 
52,  4.    See  page  19. 

§  2.    ANAPHORA  OF  PRONOUNS. 
i.  Hie,  ille,  is. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  sometimes  reflected  in  the  content  of 
the  repeated  word.     For  example,  is,  when  it  is  used  as  an 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  35 

adjective,  can  often  be  translated  such,  and  is  then  suggestive  of  a 
general  truth  with  content  of  degree. 

1.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.     Tac.  D.,  23,  21.     See  page  21. 
Tac.  H.,  i,  15,  16:   Est  tibi   frater  pari  nobilitate,  natu  maiore 
dignus  hac  fortuna,  nisi  tu  potior  esses.     Ea  aetas  tua,  quae 
cupiditates  adulescentiae  iam  effugerit,   ea  vita,   in  qua  nihil 
praeteritum  excusandum  habeas.     This  is  an  analysis  of  the 
general  idea  expressed  in  potior. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.     Tac.  H.,  I,  62,  15: 
.  .  .  longumque  per  spatium  is  gaudentium  militum  clamor,  ea 
quies  interritae  alitis  fuit,  ut  haud  dubium  magnae  et  prosperae 
rei  omen  acciperetur.     The  purpose  of  the  repeated  demonstrative 
is  to  call  attention  to  these  specific  illustrations  of  a  general  idea 
of  degree  as  expressed  in  magnae  et  prosperae  rei  omen. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  only  implied.  Tac.  H.,  4,  42,  34: 
Non  timemus  Vespasianum;  ea  principis  aetas,  ea  moderatio. 
An  implication  of  the  general  thought  which  is  analyzed  here,  is 
contained  in  the  expression  Non  timemus  Vespasianum. 

2.  But  in  most  cases  of  the  demonstrative  in  anaphora,  the 
repeated  word  gives  no  hint  of  the  general  truth.     A  general 
idea  is,  however,  prominent  in  the  speaker's  mind  and  is  analyzed 
into  specific  details,  the  logical  subject  being  repeated  through 
the    demonstrative    with    each     particular    impression.     The 
listener's  attention  is  thus  repeatedly  fixed  upon  the  general 
truth  which  the  analysis  amplifies.     This  may  be  a  general  ex- 
pression of  number,  as  omnes,  totum,  etc.;  it  may  be  a  general 
expression  of  degree,  as  maxima,  optimum,  etc.;  or  it  may  have 
other  meaning,  frequently  involving  the  entire  sentence.     In  any 
case  the  process  is  the  same :  the  truth  of  the  general  statement  is 
established  by  means  of  an  analysis  into  a  number  of  specific 
instances. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis. 

a.  Analysis  of  a  general  idea  of  number  or  completeness. 
Trogus,  41,  3,  4:  Equis  omni  tempore  vectantur;  illis  bella,  illis 
convivia,  illis  publica  ac  privata  officia  obeunt;  super  illos  ire, 


36  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

consistere,  mercari,  colloqui.  See  page  23  for  a  discussion.  Tac. 
D.,  30,  19:  .  .  .  ut  omnem  omnium  artium  varietatem  complec- 
teretur.  Itaque  hercle  in  libris  Ciceronis  deprehendere  licet, 
.  .  .  non  .  .  .  ullius  artis  ingenuae  scientiam  ei  defuisse.  Ille 
dialecticae  subtilitatem,  ille  moralis  partis  utilitatem,  ille  rerum 
motus  causasque  cognoverat.  The  repeated  ille  introduces  an 
analysis  of  a  general  idea  of  number,  which  is  expressed  positively, 
— 'omnem  omnium  artium  varietatem  complecteretur,'  and  also 
negatively, — 'non  ullius  artis  ingenuae  scientiam  ei  defuisse/ 
Tac.  H.,  3,  13,  12:  ...  mox  cuncta  simul  erumpunt.  ".  .  ." 
(3,  14,  i).  Haec  singuli,  haec  universi,  ut  quemque  dolor  in- 
pulerat,  vociferantes,  ....  The  analysis  develops  the  general 
thought  cuncta  already  expressed  twelve  lines  earlier  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  preceding  speech.  The  analysis  with  anaphora 
causes  the  listener's  thought  to  recur  to  this  general  idea.  Sen. 
D.,  VI,  23,  2:  Sapientis  animum  totum  in  mortem  prominere, 
hoc  velle,  hoc  meditari;  hac  semper  cupidine  ferri  in  exteriora 
tendentem.  Through  this  reiteration  of  the  thought  'animum 
...  in  mortem  prominere'  the  general  truth  totum  is  established. 
Tac.  Ann.,  3,  33,  15:  .  .  .  plum  uxoribus  obiectari:  his  statim 
adhaerescere  deterrimum  quemque  provincialium,  ab  his  negotia 
suscipi,  transigi. 

b.  Analysis  of  a  general  idea  of  degree.  Sen.  D.,  VI,  20,  I 
and  Brev.  Vit.,  9,  I.  See  pages  4  and  23.  PI.  Ep.,  2,  14,  6: 
Tanti  constat,  ut  sis  disertissimus.  Hoc  pretio  quamlibet  nu- 
merosa  subsellia  implentur,  hoc  ingens  corona  colligitur,  hoc 
infiniti  clamores  commoventur,  ....  The  cheapness  of  elo- 
quence, as  expressed  by  tanti  constat,  is  the  general  truth  which 
the  specific  illustrations  amplify.  PI.  Ep.,  2,  13,  5:  Hunc  ego 
.  .  .  arte  familiariterque  dilexi :  ille  meus  in  urbe,  ille  in  secessu 
contubernalis,  cum  hoc  seria,  cum  hoc  iocos  miscui.  The  repeti- 
tion of  the  almost  synonymous  adverbs  arte  familiariterque  has 
the  effect  of  a  modification  of  the  degree  of  comparison,  and  this 
general  idea  is  developed  by  the  analysis.  Tac.  G.,  7,  8 :  Quodque 
praecipuum  fortitudinis  incitamentum  est,  non  casus  nee  fortuita 
conglobatio  turmam  aut  cuneum  facit,  sed  familiae  et  propin- 
quitates;  et  in  proximo  pignora,  unde  feminarum  ululatus  audiri, 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  37 

unde  vagitus  infantium.  Hi  cuique  sanctissimi  testes,  hi  maximi 
laudatores.  The  general  thought  which  underlies  the  analysis 
introduced  by  the  repeated  hi  is  that  the  presence  of  the  familiae 
et  propinguitates  (represented  by  hi)  is  a  praecipuum  fortitudinis 
incitamentum.  Cic.  N.  D.,  2,  148:  lam  vero  .  .  .  eloquendi  vis, 
guam  est  praeclara  quamque  divina!  .  .  .  hac  cohortamur,  hac 
persuademus,  hac  consolamur  afflictos,  hac  deducimus  perterritos 
a  timore,  hac  gestientes  conprimimus,  hac  cupiditates  iracundias- 
que  restinguimus,  haec  nos  iuris,  legum,  urbium  societate  devinxit, 
haec  a  vita  inmani  et  fera  segregavit.  Tac.  D.,  36,  16:  .  .  . 
quanto  quisque  plus  dicendo  poterat,  tanto  facilius  honores  ad- 
sequebatur,  tanto  magis  in  ipsis  honoribus  collegas  suos  anteibat, 
tanto  plus  apud  principes  gratiae,  plus  auctoritatis  apud  patres, 
plus  notitiae  ac  nominis  apud  plebem  parabat.  Hi  clientelis 
etiam  exterarum  nationum  redundabant,  hos  ituri  in  provincias 
magistratus  reverebantur,  hos  reversi  colebant,  hos  et  praeturae 
et  consulatus  vocare  ultro  videbantur,  hi  ne  privati  quidem  sine 
potestate  erant,  ....  The  general  thought  analyzed  here  is 
that  of  a  high  degree  of  power  and  importance  on  the  part  of 
the  orators,  an  idea  which  has  already  been  expressed  in  analysis 
in  the  preceding  sentence. 

c.  Analysis  of  other  general  truths.  Quint.  D.,  249,  p.  24, 
9.  See  page  24.  Val  Max.,  6,  3,  10:  Lex  enim  .  .  .  tibi  meos 
tantum  praefinit  oculos,  quibus  formam  tuam  adprobes.  His 
decoris  instrumenta  conpara,  his  esto  speciosa,  horum  te  certiori 
crede  notitiae.  PL  Ep.,  i,  3,  3:  Quin  tu  .  .  .  humiles  et  sordidas 
curas  aliis  mandas  et  ipse  te  in  alto  isto  pinguigue  secessu  studiis 
adseris.  Hoc  sit  negotium  tuum,  hoc  otium,  hie  labor,  haec 
quies,  in  his  vigilia,  in  his  etiam  somnus  reponatur.  'Give  up 
all  other  pursuits  and  devote  yourself  to  study;  let  this  be  your 
every  care.'  This  is  the  general  thought  which  the  analysis 
amplifies.  Tac.  H.,  3,  84,  8 :  Proprium  esse  militis  decus  in  castris 
illam  patriam,  illos  penates. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis. 

a.  General  idea  of  number.  Tac.  D.,  34,  3:  .  .  .  deducebatur 
...  ad  eum  oratorem,  qui  principem  in  civitate  locum  obtinebat. 
Hunc  sectari,  hunc  prosequi,  huius  omnibus  dictionibus  inter  esse 


38  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

sive  in  iudiciis  sive  in  contionibus  adsuescebat,  ....  The 
analysis  directs  the  attention  to  the  general  idea  which  is  ex- 
pressed in  omnibus  dictionibus.  By  preparing  the  way  for  such 
a  general  statement,  it  causes  this  to  stand  out  more  prominently 
in  the  listener's  mind  when  it  is  finally  uttered  than  would  be  the 
case  otherwise.  PI.  Ep.,  9,  33,  6:  Hoc  altero  die,  hoc  tertio,  hoc 
pluribus,  donee  homines  innutritos  mari  subiret  timendi  pudor. 
Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  2,  4:  Omnis  denique  istos  ab  infimis  usque  ad 
summos  pererra:  hie  advocat,  hie  adest,  ille  periclitatur,  ille 
defendit,  ille  iudicat,  nemo  se  sibi  vindicat,  alius  in  alium  con- 
sumitur.1 

II.  The  general  truth  is  only  implied.  A  general  thought 
which  is  at  first  merely  suggested  to  the  listener,  if  in  fact  it 
occurs  to  his  mind  at  all,  is  through  an  analysis  made  clear  and 
apparent  by  the  speaker. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis. 

c.  General  truths  of  miscellaneous  character.  Tac.  Ann.,  4, 
38,  3:  ...  et  vos  testor  et  meminisse  posteros  volo;  qui  satis 
super  que  memoriae  meae  tribuent,  ut  maioribus  meis  dignum, 
rerum  vestrarum  providum,  constantem  in  periculis,  offensionum 
pro  utilitate  publica  non  pavidum  credant.  Haec  mihi  in  animis 
vestris  templa,  hae  pulcherrimae  effigies  et  mansurae.  Templa 
and  effigies  are  mentioned  as  representing  specific  honors  in 
analysis  of  a  general  idea  'these  are  the  honors  which  I  desire.' 
Such  an  analysis  expresses  the  general  thought  more  clearly  than 
the  mere  suggestion  of  this  in  the  clause  preceding,  'qui  satis 
superque  memoriae  meae  tribuent.'  Tac.  Agr.,  46,  5:  Admira- 
tione  te  potius  et  immortalibus  laudibus  et  .  .  .  similitudine 
colamus:  is  verus  honos,  ea  coniunctissimi  cuiusque  pietas.  Id 
filiae  quoque  uxorique  praeceperim,  sic  patris,  sic  mariti  memoriam 

1  Otto  does  not  call  such  cases  real  anaphora,  but  correlation.  For  he  says 
(p.  47):  "Si  ilia  secunda  vox  idem  significat  ac  prior,  anaphora  est,  si  minus, 
correlatio."  But  even  if  the  repeated  demonstratives  hie  and  ille  do  not 
refer  to  the  same  antecedent,  except  that  they  represent  omnes  partitively, 
nevertheless  this  repetition  directs  the  attention  to  each  phrase  individually 
in  the  same  way  as  in  the  various  cases  already  discussed.  These  phrases 
form  specific  representations  of  a  general  truth  which  is  definitely  formulated 
at  the  close  of  the  analysis, — 'alius  in  alium  (=  omnes)  consumitur,'  and 
negatively, — 'nemo  se  sibi  vindicat.' 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  39 

venerari,ut  ....  The  general  thought  underlying  the  analysis, 
4  this  is  the  honor  which  should  be  shown  Agricola  by  each  near 
relative,'  is  suggested  by  the  preceding  sentence. 

Tac.  G.,  17,  13  r1  Quamquam  severa  illic  matrimonia,  nee  ullam 
morum  partem  magis  laudaveris.  ...  In  haec  munera  uxor 
accipitur,  atque  in  vicem  ipsa  armorum  aliquid  viro  adfert: 
hoc  maximum  vinculum,  haec  arcana  sacra,  hos  coniugales  deos 
arbitrantur.  Ne  se  mulier  extra  virtutum  cogitationes  extraque 
bellorum  casus  putet,  ipsis  incipientis  matrimonii  auspiciis 
admonetur  venire  se  laborum  periculorumque  sociam,  idem  in 
pace,  idem  in  proelio  passuram  ausuramque:  hoc  iuncti  boves, 
hoc  paratus  equus,  hoc  data  arma  denuntiant.  Sic  vivendum, 
sic  pereundum :  accipere  se  guae  liberis  inviolata  ac  digna  reddat, 
guae  nurus  accipiant  rursusque  ad  nepotes  referantur.  The 
opening  sentence  of  Chapter  18  'nee  ullam  morum  partem  magis 
laudaveris'  gives  an  implication  of  the  general  thought  which  is 
underlying  in  Tacitus'  mind,  and  which  it  is  his  purpose  to  recall 
to  the  listener  by  means  of  specific  analyses  marked  by  anaphora. 
From  that  sentence  one  derives  the  notion  of  a  high  standard  of 
the  marriage  state  among  the  Germans.  The  general  thought 
in  his  mind  might  be  formulated  thus:  "The  munera  serve  the 
Germans  as  the  outward  sign  of  the  deep  inner  importance  of  the 
marriage  rite  as  instituting  a  lasting  union."  It  is  this  idea  which 
lies  at  the  basis  of  each  specific  analysis  throughout  the  entire 
chapter,  and  it  is  this  which  Tacitus  seeks  to  convey  to  the  listener. 

Anaphora  is  found  in  several  analyses  of  this  general  thought. 
Analysis  i:  "Hoc  maximum  vinculum,  haec  arcana  sacra,  hos 
coniugales  deos  arbitrantur."  Hoc  .  .  .  haec  .  .  .  hos  represent 
munera,  and  it  is  Tacitus'  intention  that  with  each  member  of 
the  analysis  the  thought  of  the  listener  shall  recur  to  munera 
and  thus  to  the  general  truth,  namely,  that  these  munera  are 
regarded  by  the  Germans  ('arbitrantur')  as  signifying  a  bond  of 
solemnity  and  importance.  The  specific  expressions  which 
represent  this  idea  in  the  analysis,  maximum  vinculum,  arcana 
sacra,  coniugales  deos,  being  themselves  suggestive  of  solemnity, 

1  There  is  no  logical  reason,  except  a  lack  of  uniformity  for  reference, 
why  chapter  18  should  not  be  made  to  begin  at  this  point.  Cf.  the  editions 
by  Schweizer-Sidler,  Gudeman,  and  Allen. 


4O  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

keep  the  listener's  thought  fixed  on  this  general  idea.  Analysis  2 : 
"  Idem  in  pace,  idem  in  proelio  passuram  ausuramque."  Analysis 
4:  "Sic  vivendum,  sic  pereundum."  These  analyses  develop 
the  idea  of  lasting  companionship,  'at  all  times, — in  peace  and 
war,  through  life  and  till  death,'  which  thought  is  suggested  by 
the  double  mode  of  expression  preceding,  'ne  se  mulier  extra 
virtutum  cogitationes  extraque  bellorum  casus  putet'  (nega- 
tively), and  'admonetur  venire  se  laborum  periculorumque 
sociam'  (positively).1  Analysis  3:  "Hoc  iuncti  boves,  hoc 
paratus  equus,  hoc  data  arma  denuntiant."  The  repeated  hoc 
represents  the  thought  'laborum  periculorumque  sociam,'  and 
the  demonstratives  are  followed  by  specific  illustrations  of 
munera, — iuncti  boves,  paratus  equus ,  data  arma.  "The  wedding 
dower  signifies  to  the  Germans  a  lasting  companionship." 
Analysis  5:  "accipere  se  guae  liberis  inviolata  ac  digna  reddat, 
quae  nurus  accipiant  rursusque  ad  nepotes  referantur."  Here 
again  there  is  analyzed  the  general  idea  of  the  inviolability  of 
the  marriage  dower  as  symbolic  of  the  marriage  state. 

Tac.  G.,  13,  II :  Magnaque  et  comitum  aemulatio,  quibus 
primus  apud  principem  suum  locus,  et  principum,  cui  plurimi  et 
acerrimi  comites.  Haec  dignitas,  hae  vires,  magno  semper  elec- 
torum  iuvenum  globo  circumdari,  in  pace  decus,  in  bello  prae- 
sidium.  Nee  solum  in  sua  gente  cuique,  sed  apud  finitimas 
quoque  civitates  id  nomen,  ea  gloria  est,  si  numero  ac  virtute 
comitatus  emineat.  The  general  idea  of  advantage  enjoyed  by 
the  principes  is  developed  in  these  two  analyses  haec  dignitas, 
hae  vires  and  id  nomen,  ea  gloria.  An  implication  of  this  general 
thought  is  contained  in  the  expression  '  magna  .  .  .  aemulatio 
.  .  .  principum,'  etc.  Tac.  G.,  13,  2:  Sed  arma  sumere  non  ante 
cuiquam  moris,  quam  civitas  suffecturum  probaverit.  Turn  in 
ipso  concilio  vel  principum  aliquis  vel  pater,  vel  propinqui  scuto 
frameaque  iuvenem  ornant:  haec  apud  illos  toga,  hie  primus 
iuventae  honos;  ante  hoc  domus  pars  videntur,  mox  rei  publicae. 
The  high  importance  which  is  felt  concerning  the  investiture  of 
arms  as  significant  of  the  youth's  entry  into  public  life  is  only 

1  These  two  cases  really  belong  under  class  II  A  in  the  discussion  of  idem 
and  sic  in  anaphora,  but  are  included  here  for  a  clearer  comprehension  of  the 
effect  which  anaphora  has  in  this  entire  chapter. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  41 

hinted  at  in  the  sentences  preceding,  but  the  analysis  develops 
a  clear  notion  of  this  general  idea,  of  which  the  individual 
members  toga,  iuventae  honos,  pars  .  .  .  rei  publicae  are  sug- 
gestive. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed. 

a.  General  idea  of  number.  Tac.  Ann.,  2,  46,  2:  ...  sed 
Inguiomerum  tenens,  illo  in  corpore  decus  omne  Cheruscorum, 
illius  consiliis  gesta  quae  prospere  ceciderint  testabatur.  The 
repeated  word  centers  the  attention  on  Inguiomerus  in  analysis 
of  the  general  idea  that  to  him  is  due  all  success. 

c.  General  truths  of  miscellaneous  character.  Tac.  Ann.,  12, 
34,  3:  Enimvero  Caratacus  hue  illuc  volitans  ilium  diem,  illam 
aciem  testabatur  aut  reciperandae  libertatis  aut  servitutis 
aeternae  initium  fore.  The  general  idea  underlying  is  'now' 
and  this  is  analyzed  into  the  specific  expressions  ilium  diem,  illam 
aciem.  Florus,  2,  2,  4:  Igitur  specie  quidem  socios  iuvandi,  re 
autem  sollicitante  praeda,  quamquam  territaret  novitas  rei, 
tamen — tanta  in  virtute  fiducia  est — ille  rudis,  ille  pastorius  popu- 
lus  vereque  terrester  ostendit  nihil  interesse  virtutis,  ....  The 
simplicity  of  this  people  is  the  general  thought  which  is  here 
developed  in  analysis.  Tac.  H.,  3,  10,  23:  Mox  conversus  ad 
signa  et  bellorum  deos,  hostium  potius  exercitibus  ilium  furorem, 
illam  discordiam  inicerent  orabat,  ....  Almost  synonymous 
terms  reiterate  the  general  thought,  which  is  by  this  means 
rendered  more  apparent  than  would  be  the  case  otherwise. 
Quint.  D.,  260,  p.  68,  16:  Satis  poenarum  dederunt:  ego  illud 
praesto,  illud  promitto.  Quint.  D.,  257,  p.  51,  21:  Hoc  scio, 
hoc  ipsius  epistolis  cognovi;  hinc  redimi  potest. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Tac.  G.,  20,  i:  In 
omni  domo  nudi  ac  sordidi  in  hos  artus,  in  haec  corpora,  quae 
miramur,  excrescunt.  The  analysis  in  hos  artus,  in  haec  corpora, 
with  in  hos,  in  haec  repeated  in  anaphora,  develops  a  contrast 
to  what  would  naturally  be  expected  from  the  rearing  of  the 
children,  namely,  to  the  idea  expressed  in  nudi  ac  sordidi.  Hos 
and  haec  are  sometimes  construed  as  meaning  'those  seen  here 


42  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

in  Rome/1  but  it  seems  to  the  present  writer  that  the  underlying 
idea  in  the  analysis  is  rather  'these  remarkable  limbs,  these 
remarkable  bodies,  which  we  behold  with  wonder,'  the  general 
thought  being  derived  by  contrast  with  nudi  ac  sordidi,  and 
being  definitely  formulated  in  quae  miramur,  which  follows.2 
3.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.     Quint.  D.,  252,  p.  33, 
30 :  Attamen  in  ceteris  .  .  .  possitis  tribus  emere,  dispersa  pecunia 
parare  gratiam :  ubi  vero  de  sacerdotio  guaeritur,  et  iudicium  religio 
agit,  illam  populus  spectat,  illam  intuetur,  guae  semper  futura 
sit  virgo,  guae  a  cultu  templorum,  a  sacris  non  recessura.     A 
contrast  to  possitis  tribus  emere  is  developed  in  this  analysis 
marked  by  anaphora,  in  order  to  express  more  clearly  the  opposite 
procedure  in  the  case  de  sacerdotio  from  that  pursued  in  ceteris. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     Aesch.  Fr.,  350,  5: 

TO  <&ot/3ov  Oelov  ai^euS 
elvai,  pavnicr)  (Spvov 
6  8*  a  v  r  o  9  vpv&v,  a  v  r  o  9  ev  60  ivy  nrap&v, 
a  v  T  b  9  raS*  et7ra>z/,  a  v  T  o  9  eo-nv  6  Kravwv 
TOV  TratSa  TOV  efJLov. 

The  general  truth  which  is  analyzed  in  the  first  three  phrases 
introduced  by  auro9  is  contrasted  with  the  thought  introduced 
by  the  last  au-nfe. 

C.  Analysis  occurs  in  both  members  of  the  contrast.     Quint. 
D.,  257,  p.  52,  6:  Itaque  intellego  mihi,  iudices,  non  in  hoc  tan  turn 
laborandum,  ut  iram  patris  mitigem,  ut  leniam:  illud  est  partium 
mearum,  illud  vobis  adhibitis  rogo,  in  gratiam  velit  redire  iam 
cum  propinquo  meo,  cum  redemptore  suo.     Cic.  Milo,  72  and  73. 
Cicero  here  employs  an  elaborate  anaphora  of  both  eum  and  qui 
in  order  to  present  a  clear  characterization  of  Clodius  in  contrast 
to  Sp.   Manlius  and  Ti.  Gracchus,  mention  of  whom  in  the 
preceding  clause  is  accompanied  by  anaphora  of  non. 

1  Cf .  Gerber-Greef,  Lexicon  Taciteum,  p.  524:  "quae  hie  (Romae)  vide- 
mus,"  and  Schweizer-Sidler,  Germania,  ed.  5,  p.  49,  note:  "zu  diesen  wie  wir 
sie  taglich  hier  in  Rom  sehen." 

2  Cf.  Furneaux,  Germania,  p.  74,  note:  "hos  .  .  .  haec,  explained  by  quae 
miramur." 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  43 

V.  Summary  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  An  extended  narration  or  description  precedes.  See  page 
i8f  for  a  discussion  of  the  following  cases:  Mela,  i,  4,  24,  PL  Ep., 
5,  6,  28,  and  Tac.  Agr.,  18,  i. 

ii.  Qui.1 

The  repeated  relative  does  not  reflect  the  content  of  the  general 
truth.  The  antecedent  of  this  repeated  pronoun  is  thought  of 
by  the  speaker  in  a  certain  connection,  and  with  this  relation 
prominent  in  his  mind  as  a  general  truth,  he  analyzes  it  into  spe- 
cific parts.  By  repeating  the  same  relative  with  each  member  of 
the  analysis,  he  makes  the  listener  also  repeatedly  recall  this  same 
relation,  in  this  way  establishing  the  general  truth. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.  12,  2:  Quorum 
non  otiosa  vita  dicenda  est,  sed  desidiosa  occupatio.  Ilium  tu 
otiosum  vocas,  qui  Corinthia  .  .  .  anxia  suptilitate  concinnat  et 
maiorem  dierum  partem  in  aeruginosis  lamellis  consumit?  Qui 
in  ceromate  .  .  .  spectator  puerorum  rixantium  sedet?  Qui  iu- 
mentorum  suorum  greges  in  aetatium  et  colorum  paria  diducit? 
Qui  athletas  novissimos  pascit?  These  various  clauses  intro- 
duced by  qui  amplify  the  general  thought '  Non  otiosa  vita  dicenda 
est.'  Cic.  Arch.,  12,  31:  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  petimus  a  vobis, 
iudices,  si  qua  non  modo  humana,  verum  etiam  divina  in  tantis 
ingeniis  commendatio  debet  esse,  ut  eum,  qui  vos,  qui  vestros 
imperatores,  qui  populi  Romani  res  gestas  semper  ornavit,  qui 
etiam  his  recentibus  .  .  .  periculis  aeternum  se  testimonium 
laudis  daturum  esse  profitetur  .  .  .  ,  sic  in  vestram  accipiatis 
fidem,  ut  .  .  .  .  The  analysis  amplifies  the  general  thought 
tantis  ingeniis.  Tac.  Agr.,  15,  19:  lam  Britannorum  etiam  deos 
misereri,  qui  Romanum  ducem  absentem,  qui  relegatum  in  alia 
insula  exercitum  detinerent.  Tac.  Ann.,  12,  5,  14:  Quod  porro 
honestius  censoriae  mentis  levamentum  quam  adsumere  coniugem, 

1  A  somewhat  detailed  consideration  of  negatives  and  of  demonstratives  in 
anaphora  has  been  made  intentionally,  in  order  to  illustrate  in  full  the  general 
manner  in  which  the  author  regards  cases  of  the  figure.  From  this  point, 
however,  the  treatment  will  be  somewhat  briefer,  and  the  classification  into 
general  ideas  of  number,  of  degree,  or  of  miscellaneous  sort  will  not  be  con- 
tinued, although  such  a  division  might  equally  well  be  made  throughout. 


44  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

prosperis  dubiisque  sociam,  cui  cogitationes  intimas,  cui  parvos 
liberos  tradat,  non  luxui  aut  voluptatibus  adsuefactus,  sed  .... 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.  Sen.  Vit.  Beat., 
2,  4:  Vides  istos  qui  eloquentiam  laudant,  qui  opes  sequuntur, 
qui  gratiae  adulantur,  qui  potentiam  extollunt?  Omnes  aut 
sunt  hostes  aut  .  .  .  esse  possunt :  quam  magnus  mirantium  tarn 
magnus  invidentium  populus  est.  The  effect  of  the  repeated 
qui  is  to  call  attention  to  each  member  of  this  analysis  in  develop- 
ment of  a  general  notion  of  number  which  is  expressed  by  quam 
magnus  .  .  .  populus  at  the  close.1  PI.  Ep.,  3,  16,  8:  Nempe 
enim  .  .  .  daturi  estis  consulari  viro  servulos  aliquos,  quorum 
e  manu  cibum  capiat,  a  quibus  vestiatur,  a  quibus  calcietur;  omnia 
sola  praestabo.  This  analysis  imparts  more  definite  content  to 
omnia  than  would  otherwise  be  the  case.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  4,  4: 
Qui  omnia  videbat  ex  se  uno  pendentia,  qui  hominibus  gentibus- 
que  fortunam  dabat,  ilium  diem  laetissimus  cogitabat,  quo 
magnitudinem  suam  exueret. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     Tac.  Agr.,  18,  20: 
Depositis  omnibus  sarcinis  lectissimos  auxiliarium,  quibus  nota 
vada  et  patrius  nandi  usus,  quo  simul  seque  et  arma  et  equos 
regunt,  ita  repente  inmisit,  ut  obstupefacti  hostes,  qui  classem, 
qui  navis,  qui  mare  expectabant.     Obstupefacti  suggests  that  the 
enemy  had  opposite  expectations,  and  this  implication  is  amplified 
by  the  enumeration  of  specific  illustrations  of  their  contrary 
expectations,  classem,  navis,  mare,  each  introduced  by  qui. 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis.    Tac.  Ann.,  13,  21,  17: 
Aut  exsistat  qui  cohortes  in  urbe  temptatas,  qui  provinciarum 
fidem  labefactatam,  denique  servos  vel  libertos  ad  scelus  corruptos 
arguat.     The  general  thought  which  is  here  analyzed  into  a  suc- 
cession of  possibilities  is  'Let  someone  charge  me,  if  he  can,  with 
bribery  in  any  connection   whatsoever.'     A   suggestion   of   this 
general  idea  is  contained  in  the  expression  'denique  servos  vel 
libertos,'  which  follows  at  the  close  of  this  enumeration. 

1  Otto  would  call  such  examples  correlation  rather  than  anaphora.  But 
the  anaphoric  use  of  these  relatives  in  introducing  specific  illustrations  of  a 
general  truth  is  not  affected  in  the  least  by  the  fact  that  they  refer  to  different 
persons.  Cf.  p.  38,  note. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  45 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Verg.,  I,  234: 

Certe  hinc  Romanes  olim  volventibus  annis, 
Hinc  fore  ductores  revocato  a  sanguine  Teucri, 
Qui  mare,  qui  terras  omni  dicione  tenerent. 

The  repeated  qui  calls  attention  to  mare  and  terras,  which  exhaust 
existing  possibilities  and  establish  the  general  truth  everything. 
Tac.  Ann.,  13,  41,  17:  Ob  haec  consalutatus  imperator  Nero,  et 
senatus  consul  to  supplicationes  habitae,  statuaeque  et  arcus 
et  continui  consulatus  principi,  utque  inter  festos  referretur 
dies,  quo  patrata  victoria,  quo  nuntiata,  quo  relatum  de  ea  esset, 
....  The  repeated  relatives  represent  the  antecedent  dies  and 
each  refers  to  a  different  day.  It  is  from  an  individual  con- 
sideration of  each  detail  of  the  analysis,  to  which  the  repeated 
quo  calls  attention,  that  the  general  truth  is  established  that  there 
is  not  one  festival,  but  three;  for  the  expression  'ut  inter  festos 
referretur  dies'  does  not  necessarily  imply  the  existence  of  more 
than  a  single  festival  day.  Tac.  H.,  I,  44,  7:  Praefixa  contis 
capita  gestabantur  inter  signa  cohortium  iuxta  aquilam  legionis, 
certatim  ostentantibus  cruentas  manus  qui  occiderant,  qui  inter- 
fuerant,  qui  vere  qui  falso  ut  pulchrum  et  memorabile  facinus 
iactabant.  The  accumulation  of  a  number  of  specific  cases 
marked  by  the  repetition  of  the  relative,  establishes  a  general 
feeling  that  there  was  a  considerable  number  of  these  persons 
ostentantibus  cruentas  manus. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

3.  A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  14, 
2:  Quidni  ab  hoc  exiguo  et  caduco  temporis  transitu  in  ilia  toto 
nos  demus  animo,  quae  immensa,  quae  aeterna  sunt,  quae  cum 
melioribus  communia?  The  effect  of  the  analysis  with  anaphora 
is  to  add  clarity  to  the  underlying  general  thought,  which  is 
contrasted  with  the  preceding  expression  '  hoc  exiguo  et  caduco 
temporis  transitu.'  Sen.  Tranq.  An.,  3,  3:  Nee  enim  is  solus  rei 
publicae  prodest,  qui  candidates  extrahit  et  tuetur  reos  et  de  pace 
belloque  censet,  sed  qui  iuventutem  exhortatur,  qui  .  .  .  virtutem 
instillat  animis,  qui  ad  pecuniam  luxuriamque  cursu  ruentis 
prensat  .... 


46  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     PI.  Ep.  I,  23,  2:  .  .  . 
abstinui  causis  agendis,  primum  quod  deforme  arbitrabar,  cui 
adsurgere,    cui    loco    cedere    omnes    oporteret,    hunc    omnibus 
sedentibus  stare,  ....     Definite  meaning  is  imparted  to  deforme 
by  means  of  a  contrast  between  the  thought  expressed  in  the 
analysis  introduced  by  the  repeated  cui  and  the  expression  hunc 
omnibus  sedentibus  stare.     Sen.  D.,  VI,  26,  i:  Puta  itaque  .  .  . 
patrem   tuum,  Marcia,  .  .  .  non  illo  ingenio,  quo  civilia  bella 
deflevit,  quo  proscribentis  in  aeternum  ipse  proscripsit,  sed  tanto 
elatiore,  quanto  est  ipse  sublimior,  dicere:  .... 

C.  Analysis  occurs  in  both  members  of  the  contrast.     Sen.  D., 
XII,  14,  2.     For  Val.  Max.,  6,  9,  14  see  page  18. 

iii.  Quis? 

I.  The  repeated  interrogative  sometimes  reflects  the  content 
of  the  general  truth. 

«.  Where  it  has  a  negative  content.  The  piling  up  of  inter- 
rogatives  introducing  questions  which  involve  negative  answers 
(i.  e.,  so-called  rhetorical  questions)  imparts  a  general  negative 
idea. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed.      No  clear  cases 
were  noted. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  Cic.  Cat.  2,  7:  Uno  mehercule  Catilina  exhausto  levata  mihi 
et  recreata  res  publica  videtur.  Quid  enim  mali  aut  sceleris 
fingi  aut  cogitari  potest,  quod  non  ille  conceperit?  Quis  tota 
Italia  veneficus,  quis  gladiator,  quis  latro,  quis  sicarius,  quis 
parricida,  quis  testamentorum  subiector,  quis  circumscriptor,  quis 
ganeo,  quis  nepos,  quis  adulter,  quae  mulier  infamis,  quis  corruptor 
iuventutis,  quis  corruptus,  quis  perditus  inveniri  potest,  qui  se 
cum  Catilina  non  familiarissime  vixisse  fateatur?  The  general 
thought  underlying  the  analysis  is  that  there  is  no  one  of  the 
type  which  the  various  members  of  this  enumeration  exemplify, 
who  has  not  been  with  Catiline.  This  general  thought  is  implied 
in  the  sentences  immediately  preceding.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  9,  i: 
Quod  in  manu  fortunae  positum  est,  disponis,  quod  in  tua, 
dimittis.  Quo  spectas,  quo  te  extendis?  This  is  an  analysis  of 
the  general  negative  idea  'You  do  not  bestir  yourself  at  all,' 
which  is  implied  in  disponis  and  dimittis. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  47 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.  A  succession  of  specific 
questions  involving  negative  answers  and  each  introduced  by 
quis  tends  to  establish  a  general  negative  truth.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit., 
13,  9:  Nam  ut  concedas  omnia  eos  fide  bona  dicere,  ut  ad  prae- 
stationem  scribant:  tamen  cuius  ista  errores  minuent?  Cuius 
cupiditates  prement?  Quern  fortiorem,  quern  iustiorem,  quern 
liberaliorem  f  acient  ?  The  general  idea  underlying  all  these  specific 
questions  is  no  one.  Tac.  D.,  40,  13:  Quern  enim  oratorem  Lace- 
daemonium,  quern  Cretensem  accepimus?  Tac.  H.,  3,  24,  n: 
Vos  .  .  .  nisi  vincitis,  pagani,  quis  alius  imperator,  quae  castra 
alia  excipient?  Florus,  3,  18,  5:  Quid  hac  clade  tristius?  quid 
calami  tosius? 

P.  Where  the  repeated  pronoun  has  a  content  of  degree.  In 
such  a  case  the  pronouns  can  be  translated  'what  a,'  and  introduce 
analyses  of  a  general  feeling  of  charm  or  delight,  which  the 
repeated  qui  expresses  with  each  member  of  the  analysis. 

I  and  II.     No  clear  cases  were  noted. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.  Tac.  D.,  6,  14:  lam 
vero  qui  togatorum  comitatus  et  egressus!  quae  in  publico 
species!  quae  in  iudiciis  veneratio!  quod  illud  gaudium  con- 
surgendi  adsistendique  inter  tacentes  et  in  unum  converses! 
PI.  Ep.,  2,  10,  7:  Imaginor  enim,  qui  concursus,  quae  admiratio 
te,  qui  clamor,  quod  etiam  silentium  maneat.  PI.  Ep.,  I,  12,  n: 
Cogito,  quo  amico,  quo  viro  caream.  Tac.  D.,  24,  2 :  Quo  torrente, 
quo  impetu  saeculum  nostrum  defendit! 

2.  The  repeated  interrogative  does  not  always  reflect  the 
content  of  the  general  truth,  but  is  often  used  solely  to  call 
attention  to  the  specific  members  of  the  analysis  following. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A .  It  precedes  the  analysis.  PI.  Ep.,  1,3,  I :  Quid  agit  Comum, 
tuae  meaeque  deliciae?  quid  suburbanum  amoenissimum? 
Quid  ilia  porticus  verna  semper?  Quid  platanon  opacissimus? 
Quid  euripus  viridis  et  gemmeus?  Quid  subiectus  et  serviens 
lacus?  Quid  ilia  mollis  et  tamen  solida  gestatio?  Quid  balineum 
illud  .  .  .?  Quid  triclinia  ilia  popularia,  ilia  paucorum?  Quid 
cubicula  diurna,  nocturna?  These  specific  questions  amplify 
the  general  question,  'Quid  agit  Comum.  .  .  ?'  This  analysis 


48  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

clearly  illustrates  the  rhetorical  character  of  anaphora  as  used 
by  Pliny,  for  what  follows  the  general  truth  quoted  above  is 
solely  a  rhetorical  amplification  of  this  single  question,  and  rep- 
resents the  substance  of  one  half  the  entire  letter.  Sen.  D.,  VI, 
22,  2  :  Aut  in  popinam  ventremque  procubuerunt  toil  summaque  illis 
curarum  fuit,  quid  essent,  quid  biberent. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.  Tac.  Ann.,  13, 
56,  2  :  Id  dis  .  .  .  placitum,  ut  arbitrium  penes  Romanos  maneret, 
quid  darent,  quid  adimerent,  neque  olios  indices  quam  se  ipsos 
paterentur.  The  balanced  use  of  two  specific  cases  as  exhausting 
all  possibilities  develops  a  general  idea  that  '  omne  arbitrium  penes 
Romanos  maneret,'  which  thought  is  definitely  expressed  at  the 
close  of  the  analysis  in  the  opposite  general  form  '  neque  olios 
iudices  quam  se  ipsos  paterentur.' 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.  PI.  Ep.,  2,  II,  25: 
Habes  res  urbanas  :  invicem  rusticos  scribe.  Quid  arbusculae  tuae, 
quid  vineae,  quid  segetes  agunt,  quid  oves  delicatissimae? 
Rusticos  expresses  the  general  nature  of  the  subject  matter  in 
which  Pliny  is  interested,  and  the  questions  following  form  an 
analysis  of  this.  He  is  interested  in  each  detail,  and  the  succes- 
sion of  specific  cases  marked  by  the  repeated  quid  establishes  such 
a  general  thought  of  omnes  rusticos. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     PL  Ep.,   I,  22,   12: 
Habes  quid  timeam,  quid  optem,  quid  etiam  in  posterum  destinem: 
tu  quid  egeris,  quid  agas,  quid  velis  agere  .  .  .  scribe.     A  general 
numerical  idea  is  developed  by  these  enumerations  of  details 
marked  in  each  case  by  anaphora.     Sen.  D.,  VI,  17,  5:  Audisti 
quid  te  invitare  possit,  quid  absterrere:  proinde  aut  naviga  aut 
resiste.     The  use  in  the  analysis  of  the  two  extremes  of  possibility 
'quid  invitare  possit,  quid  absterrere'  as  representative  of  all 
cases,  establishes  a  general  idea  of  completeness.     Pindar  OL,  2,  I  : 


T  Lv  a  Oedv,  T  C  v  '  ijpcoa,  r  iv  a  S'  avSpa 


The  analysis  with  repeated  TiW  centers   the  attention  on   the 
general    thought   rlva    /ceXa^o-o/iez/  ;   Tac.   Ann.,    2,    70,   2:   Si 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  49 

limen  obsideretur,  si  effundendus  spiritus  sub  oculis  inimicorum 
foret,  quid  deinde  miserrimae  coniugi,  quid  infantibus  liberis 
eventurum? 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  19,  i: 
Simile  tu  putas  esse,  utrum  cures,  ut  incorruptum  et  a  fraude 
advehentium  .  .  .  frumentum  transfundatur  in  horrea,  ne  .  .  . 
vitietur  et  concalescat,  .  .  .  an  ad  haec  sacra  et  sublimia  accedas 
sciturus,  quae  materia  sit  dei,  quae  voluptas,  quae  condicio,  quae 
forma.  The  analysis  adds  clarity  to  the  general  thought  'haec 
sacra  et  sublimia,'  which  is  contrasted  with  the  preceding 
statement. 

3.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Sen.  Tranq.  An.,  3,  4: 
An  ille  plus  praestat,  qui  inter  peregrinos  et  cives  aut  urbanus 
praetor  adeuntibus  adsessoris  verba  pronuntiat,  quam  qui  quid 
sit  iustitia,  quid  pietas,  quid  patientia,  quid  fortitude,  quid  mortis 
contemptus,  quid  deorum  intellectus,  .  .  .? 

iv.  Personal  pronouns  and  possessives  (including  possessive  ad- 
jectives) . 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  Val.  Max.,  6,  i,  praef.  Unde  te 
virorum  pariter  ac  feminarum  praecipuum  firm-amentum,  Pudi- 
citia,  invocem?  Tu  enim  prisca  religione  consecrates  Vestae 
focos  incolis,  tu  Capitolinae  lunonis  pulvinaribus  incubas,  tu 
Palatii  columen  .  .  .  adsidua  statione  celebras,  tuo  praesidio 
puerilis  aetatis  insignia  munita  sunt,  tui  numinis  respectu  sincerus 
iuventae  flos  permanet,  te  custode  matronalis  stola  censetur. 
Each  repeated  tu  directs  the  attention  to  the  general  truth 
praecipuum  firmamentum,  which  term  is  applied  to  the  object  of 
address,  Pudicitia.  Verg.  A.,  i,  78: 

Tu  mihi  quodcumque  hoc  regni,  tu  sceptra  lovemque 

Concilias,  tu  das  epulis  accumbere  divom, 

Nimborumque  facis  tempestatumque  potentem. 

The  analysis  amplifies  the  general  thought  quodcumque  hoc 
regni.  Tu  stands  at  the  beginning  of  the  general  expression  and 


5O  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

is  also  repeated  with  each  member  of  the  analysis.  Tac.  Ann., 
I,  31,  20:  .  .  .  multa  seditionis  ora  vocesque:  sua  in  manu  sitam 
rem  Romanam, .  suis  victoriis  augeri  rem  publicam,  in  suum 
cognomentum  adscisci  imperatores.  Tac.  G.,  25,  I :  Ceteris 
servis  non  in  nostrum  morem,  discriptis  per  familiam  minis  teriis, 
utuntur:  suam  quisque  sedem,  suos  penates  regit. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.  Cic.  Acad.,  I,  9: 
Tu  aetatem  patriae,  tu  discriptiones  temporum,  tu  sacrorum  iura, 
tu  sacerdotum,  tu  domesticam,  tu  bellicam  disciplinam,  tu  sedem 
regionum,  locorum,  tu  omnium  divinarum  humanarumque  rerum 
nomina,  genera,  officia,  causas  aperuisti,  ....  The  general 
truth  'omnium  divinarum  humanarumque  rerum'  is  expressed 
at  the  close  of  the  analysis.  Cic.  Rab.,  4,  13:  Tu  mihi  etiam  legis 
Porciae,  tu  C.  Gracchi,  tu  horum  libertatis,  tu  cuiusquam  denique 
hominis  popularis  mentionem  facis. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied.     Catull.,  55,  I : 

Oramus,  si  forte  non  molestum  est, 
Demonstres  ubi  sint  tuae  tenebrae. 
Te  campo  quaesivimus  minore, 
Te  in  Circo,  te  in  omnibus  libellis, 
Te  in  templo  summi  lovis  sacrato. 

The  general  thought  underlying  the  analysis  is,  'We  have  searched 
for  you  everywhere.1  An  implication  of  this  is  contained  in  the 
expression  'Oramus  .  .  .  demonstres  ubi  sint  tuae  tenebrae.' 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Tac.  Agr.,  45,  20: 
Noster  hie  dolor,  nostrum  vulnus,  nobis  tam  longae  absentiae 
condicione  ante  quadriennium  amissus  est.     This  is  an  analysis 
of  the  thought  of  Tacitus'  personal  grief.     The  repeated  noster, 
etc.,  as  well  as  the  phrases  which  follow,  reflect  this  general  idea. 

It  is  a  common  device,  and  one  frequently  employed  by  the 
lyric  poets  when  singing  the  praises  of  god  or  mortal,  to  repeat 
some  form  of  the  pronoun  tu  many  times  in  the  course  of  a  poem, 
often  at  the  beginning  of  a  stanza  or  of  a  line,  or  again,  though 
less  frequently,  even  in  the  middle  of  a  line,  thereby  repeatedly 
fixing  the  attention  on  the  individual  addressed.  The  various 
clauses  introduced  by  the  repeated  pronoun  frequently  enumerate 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  51 

the  different  achievements  of  the  hero  whose  praises  are  sung, 
or  the  different  attributes  of  some  divinity  and  the  benefits 
conferred  by  him.  Now  it  will  doubtless  be  urged  that  these 
cases  militate  against  the  theory  rather  than  support  it:  but  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  behind  these  numerous  impressions 
what  is  prominent  in  the  speaker's  mind  is  the  thought  of  the 
individual  addressed,  be  it  god  or  mortal  or  even  a  wine  jar,  and 
the  anaphora  serves  to  thus  concentrate  the  attention.  The 
proper  point  of  view  may  perhaps  be  best  obtained  by  the  con- 
sideration of  an  example  from  Martial1  discussed  hereafter  on 
page  67,  in  which  fourteen  lines  each  commencing  with  the  same 
word  Hermes  are  followed  by  the  definite  formulation  of  the 
general  thought  which  lies  behind  all  these  various  impressions, 
'Hermes  omnia  solus  et  ter  unus.'  A  few  illustrations  of  this 
usage  are  the  following:  Hor.  C.,  4,  14,  33  (Ode  to  Augustus); 
I,  10,  5  (Ode  to  Mercury);  I,  35,  5  (Ode  to  Fortuna);  3,  21,  13 
(Ode  to  a  wine  jar);  Catull.,  34,  13  (Ode  to  Diana);  the  Latin 
version  of  the  Christian  hymn,  Te  Deum  Laudamus. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  PI.  Pan.,  24,  5:  Ante  te 
principes  fastidio  nostri  et  quodem  aequalitatis  metu  usum  pedum 
amiserant.  Illos  ergo  umeri  cervicesque  servorum  super  ora 
nostra,  te  fama,  te  gloria,  te  civium  pietas,  te  libertas  super  ipsos 
principes  vehunt;  te  ad  sidera  tollit  humus  ista  communis  et 
confusa  principis  vestigia.  Trajan  is  contrasted  with  his  prede- 
cessors, who  are  represented  by  the  expressions  ante  te  principes 
and  illos.  Tac.  Agr.,  34,  i :  Si  novae  gentes  atque  ignota  acies 
constitisset,  aliorum  exercituum  exemplis  vos  hortarer:  nunc 
vestra  decora  recensete,  vestros  oculos  interrogate.  Tacitus 
contrasts  present  conditions  with  the  hypothetical  case  which 
precedes.  Tac.  H.,  i,  16,  n:  Sit  ante  oculos  Nero,  quern  longa 
Caesarum  serie  tumentem  non  Vindex  cum  inermi  provincia  aut 
ego  cum  una  legione,  sed  sua  immanitas,  sua  luxuria  cervicibus 
publicis  depulerunt. 

v.  Miscellaneous  pronouns. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

1  Mart.,  5,  24,  i. 


52  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  PL  Ep.,  I,  16,  7:  Est  ergo  mecum 
per  diem  totum;  eundem,  antequam  scribam,  eundem,  cum  scrips!, 
eundem,  etiam  cum  remitter,  non  tamquam  eundem  lego.  The 
repeated  eundem  introduces  specific  phrases  in  analysis  of  the 
general  thought  per  diem  totum.  Pliny  is  here  amplifying  the 
idea  of  his  universal  companionship  with  Saturninus  through  the 
medium  of  books.  Tac.  H.,  4,  74,  5:  Cetera  in  communi  sita 
sunt.  Ipsi  plerumque  legionibus  nostris  praesidetis,  ipsi  has 
aliasque  provincias  regitis;  nihil  separatum  clausumve.  The 
general  truth  which  is  here  amplified  is  expressed  in  positive 
form  preceding  the  analysis,  and  in  negative  form  at  the  close. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     Tac.  H.,  I,  38,  3: 
Vidistis,  commilitones,  notabili  tempestate  etiam  deos  infaustam 
adoptionem   aversantes.      Idem  senatus,   idem  populi   Romani 
animus  est.     The  general  thought  of  unanimity  of  opinion  is 
implied  in  the  expression  etiam  deos,  and  is  further  amplified  in 
the  analysis  into  the  specific  cases  senatus  and  populi  Romani. 
Tac.  Ann.,  3,  12,  23:  Si  quos  propinquus  sanguis  aut  fides  sua 
patronos  dedit,   quantum  quisque    eloquentia  et    cura  valet, 
iuvate  pericli  tan  tern :  ad  eundem  laborem,  eandem  constantiam 
accusatores  hortor.     The  analysis  amplifies  a  general  thought, 
which  is  implied  in  the  expression  '  Quantum  quisque  .  .  .  valet, 
iuvate  pericli  tan  tern.' 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis.     Tac.  Agr.,  46,  15: 
Quidquid  ex  Agricola  amavimus,  qiiidquid  mirati  sumus,  manet 
mansurumgue  est  in  animis  hominum,  in  aeternitate  temporum, 
....     The  high  worth  of  the  quality  which  is  represented  in  the 
analysis  by  guidguid  is  implied  in  the  expression  of  continuance 
'manet  mansurumque  est,  etc.,'  which  follows. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Tac.  Ann.,  I,  42,  19: 
Hunc  ego  nuntium  patri,  laeta  omnia  aliis  e  provinciis  audienti, 
feram?  Ipsius  tirones,  ipsius  veteranos  non  missione,  non  pe- 
cunia  satiates. 

§3.  ANAPHORA  OF  ADVERBS. 

Adverbs  used  in  anaphora  may  or  may  not  reflect  the  content 
of  the  general  truth. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  53 

i.  Quam,  tarn. 

Quam,  tarn,  and  in  some  cases  sic,  reflect  a  content  of  degree  in 
the  general  thought.1  The  adjective  is  may  also  have  a  con- 
tent of  degree,  but  this  use  of  the  word  is  discussed  with  the  other 
cases  of  is. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.     Tac.  Ann.,  I,  n,  2:  Solam  divi 
Augusti  men  tern  tantae  molis  capacem:  se  in  partem  curarum  ab 
illo  vocatum  experiendo  didicisse  quam  arduum,  quam  subiectum 
fortunae  regendi  cuncta  onus.     The  analysis  amplifies  the  gen- 
eral truth  tantae  molis.     PI.  Ep.,  3,  7,  10:  Quod  me  recordantem 
fragilitatis   humanae  miseratio   subit.     Quid   enim  tarn  circum- 
cisum,   tarn  breve  quam   hominis   vita   longissima?     Tac.    D., 
23,  21.     See  page  21. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.     Tac.  Ann.,  3,  40, 
12:   Egregium   resumendae   libertati   tempus,   si   ipsi   florentes, 
quam  inops  Italia,  quam  inbellis  urbana  plebes,  nihil  validum 
in  exercitibus  nisi   quod  externum,   cogitarent.     The  analysis 
develops  a  general  truth  which  follows  expressed  in  the  opposite 
form  nihil  validum.     The  fact  that  this  general  thought  is  also 
felt  to  stand  in  contrast  to  florentes  forms  a  secondary  motive  for 
the  analysis. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.  PI.  Ep.,  I,  16,  i: 
Amabam  Pompeium  Saturninum  .  .  .  laudabamque  eius  in- 
genium,  etiam  antequam  scirem,  quam  varium,  quam  flexibile, 
quam  multiplex  esset;  nunc  vero  totum  me  tenet,  habet,  possidet. 
The  phrase  'laudabam  eius  ingenium'  contains  a  slight  implica- 
tion of  the  degree  to  which  Pliny  regards  Pompeius'  ingenium. 
Tac.  Ann.,  i,  69,  14:  Potiorem  iam  apud  exercitus  Agrippinam 
quam  legates,  quam  duces.  The  analysis  imparts  a  feeling  of  a 
higher  degree  of  power  than  would  result  otherwise. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Sen.  D.,  VI,  I,  i :  .  .  . 
nee  spem  concepissem  tarn  iniquo  tempore,  tarn  inimico  iudice, 
tarn  invidioso  crimine  posse  me  efficere,  ut  fortunam  tuam  ab- 

1  Though  sic  sometimes  has  a  content  of  degree,  it  is  more  often  used 
demonstratively,  and  the  general  content  is  reflected  in  the  analysis  which 
it  introduces  rather  than  by  the  repeated  sic. 


54  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

solveres.  A  general  idea  of  unfavorability  is  amplified  in  this 
analysis.  Tac.  H.,  2,  76,  8:  Ego  te,  Vespasiane,  ad  imperium 
voco,  quam  salutare  rei  publicae,  guam  tibi  magnificum,  iuxta 
deos  in  tua  manu  positum  est.  The  degree  of  satisfaction  felt 
at  Vespasian's  accession  is  here  expressed  in  analysis,  but  the 
general  idea  is  otherwise  unexpressed. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive.  Tac.  Ann.,  3,  40,  12. 
See  class  I,  B,  above.  Val.  Max.,  6,  9,  14.  See  page  18. 

ii.  Hie,  hinc. 

Hie  and  hinc  center  the  attention  on  an  antecedent  with  a 
content  of  place,  and  the  clauses  which  they  introduce  develop 
in  specific  detail  the  general  idea  which  the  speaker  feels  in  con- 
nection with  this  antecedent,  although  the  repeated  words  do 
not  themselves  reflect  this  general  thought. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.     Verg.  A.,  8,  472: 

Nobis  ad  belli  auxilium  pro  nomine  tanto 
Exiguae  vires:  hinc  Tusco  claudimur  amni, 
Hinc  Rutulus  premit  et  murum  circumsonat  armis. 

This  is  an  analysis  of  the  general  thought  exiguae  vires.  Verg.  A., 
n,  213: 

lam  vero  in  tectis,  .  .  . 

Praecipuus  fragor  et  longi  pars  maxima  luctus. 
Hie  matres  miseraeque  nurus,  hie  cara  sororum 
Pectora  maerentum  puerique  parentibus  orbi 
Dirum  execrantur  bellum  Turnique  hymenaeos. 

This  is  an  analysis  of  the  general  thought  longi  pars  maxima 
luctus.  Verg.  A.,  I,  15.  See  page  4.  Tac.  H.,  2,  70,  10: 
Aderant  Valens  et  Caecina,  monstrabantque  pugnae  locos:  hinc 
inrupisse  legionum  agmen,  hinc  equites  coortos,  inde  circumfusas 
auxiliorum  manus.  The  repeated  hinc  centers  the  attention  on 
details  of  the  general  thought  pugnae. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied.     Tac.  D.,  36,  4.     See  page  13. 
IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Tac.  Ann.,  I,  17,  12: 
Enimvero  militiam  ipsam  gravem,  inf ructuosam :  denis  in  diem 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  55 

assibus  animam  et  corpus  aestimari :  hinc  vestem  arma  tentoria, 
hinc  saevitiam  centurionum  et  vacationes  munerum  redimi.  This 
analysis  with  the  repeated  hinc  adds  clarity  to  the  general  thought 
of  the  extent  of  the  obligations  and  difficulties  which  military 
service  involves,  for  the  purpose  of  contrast  with  the  idea  of 
paucity  of  pay  as  expressed  in  'denis  in  diem  assibus.'  Verg.  E., 
9,  39: 

Hue  ades,  o  Galatea!  guis  est  nam  Indus  in  undist 
Hie  ver  purpureum,  varies  hie  flumina  circum 
Fundit  humus  flores,  hie  Candida  populus  antro 
Imminet,  en  lentae  texunt  umbracula  vites: 
Hue  ades;  insani  feriant  sine  litora  fluctus. 

Hue  ades  suggests  to  Vergil  a  general  feeling  of  charm,  which 
he  develops  in  analysis  for  the  purpose  of  contrast  with  the  oppo- 
site feeling  which  undis  and  fluctus  suggest  to  him. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.  Tac.  Agr.,  32,  22:  Hie 
dux,  hie  exercitus:  ibi  tributa  et  metalla  et  ceterae  servientium 
poenae,  .... 

iii.  lam,  nunc,  turn,  etc. 

The  repeated  word  does  not  reflect  the  content  of  the  general 
truth,  but  it  represents  to  the  listener  an  expression  of  time  found 
in  the  general  statement,  and  so  with  each  member  of  the  analysis 
it  carries  the  thought  back  to  what  is  there  asserted  in  general 
form. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 
A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.     Ovid  M.,  12,  70: 
Nee  Phryges  exiguo,  quid  Achaica  dextera  posset, 
Sanguine  senserunt.     Et  iam  Sigea  rubebant 
Litora,  iam  leto  proles  Neptunia,  Cygnus 
Mille  viros  dederat,  iam  curru  instabat  Achilles, 
Totaque  Peliacae  sternebat  cuspidis  ictu 
Agmina. 

The  repeated  iam  centers  the  attention  on  specific  illustrations 
of  the  general  truth  '  nee  Phryges  exiguo  .  .  .  sanguine  senserunt/ 
Quint.  D.,  256,  p.  48,  13:  Quanta  miserabilior  fui  ex  die  meae 
sanitatis !  Furiosum  me  non  sic  cecidi ;  turn  lacerare  vestes,  turn 


56  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

verberare  vultus  meos  coepi.  Tac.  Ann.,  12,  10,  4:  .  .  .  set 
nlium  Vononis  .  .  .  accersere  adversus  dominationem  Gotarzis 
nobilitati  plebique  iuxta  intolerandam.  lam  fratres,  iam  pro- 
pinquos,  iam  longius  sitos  caedibus  exhaustos;  adici  coniuges 
gravidas,  liberos  parvos,  dum  socors  domi,  bellis  infaustus  ig- 
naviam  saevitia  tegat.  The  analysis  amplifies  the  general 
thought  dominationem  .  .  .  intolerandam. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.     Verg.  E.,  3,  56: 

Et  nunc  omnis  ager,  nunc  omnis  parturit  arbos, 
Nunc  frondent  silvae,  nunc  formonsissimus  annus. 

The  general  thought  '  Nunc  formonsissimus  annus '  is  analyzed 
here.  Verg.  A.,  8,  440: 

Aetnaei  Cyclopes,  et  hue  advertite  mentem: 
Arma  acri  facienda  viro.     Nunc  viribus  usus, 
Nunc  manibus  rapidis,  omni  nunc  arte  magistra. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     Verg.  A.,  9,  12: 

Quid  dubitast     Nunc  tempus  equos,  nunc  poscere  currus. 
Rumpe  moras  omnis  et  turbata  arripe  castra. 

The  general  truth  analyzed  here  is  implied  in  the  expression 
Quid  dubitas?  preceding  the  analysis,  and  in  Rumpe  moras  at 
the  close.  Verg.  A.,  6,  260: 

Tuque  invade  viam  vaginaque  eripe  ferrum: 
Nunc  animis  opus,  Aenea,  nunc  pectore  firmo. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Catull.,  62,  3: 

Surgere  iam  tempus,  iam  pinguis  linquere  mensas, 
Iam  veniet  virgo,  iam  dicetur  hymenaeus. 

The  repetition  of  iam  centers  the  attention  on  the  general  thought 
'now  is  the  time  for  the  wedding  to  begin/  Sen.  D.,  VI,  17,  i: 
Grave  est  tamen,  quern  educaveris  iuvenem,  iam  matri,  iam  patri 
praesidium  ac  decus,  amittere.  The  extent  of  the  praesidium 
ac  decus  iuvenis  is  developed  by  means  of  the  analysis.  PL  Ep., 
6,  16,  ii :  Iam  navibus  cinis  incidebat,  quo  propius  accederent, 
calidior  et  densior,  iam  pumices  etiam  nigrique  et  ambusti  et 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  57 

fracti  igne  lapides,  iam  vadum  subitum  ruinaque  mentis  litora 
obstantia.  The  effect  of  the  repeated  iam  is  to  center  the  at- 
tention on  the  impending  perils  which  confronted  Pliny  at  every 
turn.  Such  a  general  thought  is  thus  established  more  clearly 
than  would  be  the  case  without  the  anaphora. 
IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.     PL  Ep.,  3,  3,  3:  Adhuc 
ilium  pueritiae  ratio  intra  contubernium  tuum  tenuit,  praecep- 
tores  domi  habuit,   ubi  est  erroribus  modica  vel  etiam  nulla 
materia.     Iam  studia  eius  extra  limen   proferenda  sunt,   iam 
circumspiciendus  rhetor  Latinus,  cuius  scholae  severitas,  pudor, 
in  primis  castitas  constet. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     Hor.  C.,  i,  37,  I.     See 
page  17. 

iv.  Sic. 

1.  When  sic  has  a  content  of  degree,  it  reflects  such  an  internal 
meaning  of  the  general  truth.     These  cases  have  already  been 
discussed.1 

2.  But  more  frequently  sic  simply  directs  the  attention  to  the 
general  statement,  and  introduces  particular  illustrations  of  this 
without  itself  reflecting  the  general  thought. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  PL  Ep.,  2,  i,  8:  ...  praeterea 
quod  ille  mihi  tutor  relictus  adfectum  parentis  exhibuit.  Sic 
candidatum  me  suffragio  ornavit,  sic  ad  omnes  honores  meos  ex 
secessibus  accucurrit  .  .  .  ,  sic  illo  die,  quo  sacerdotess  olent 
nominare  .  .  .  ,  me  semper  nominabat.  Sic  introduces  specific 
illustrations  of  the  general  truth  expressed  in  adfectum  parentis 
exhibuit.  Tac.  G.,  38,  4:  Insigne  gentis  obliquare  crinem  nodoque 
substringere :  sic  Suebi  a  ceteris  Germanis,  sic  Sueborum  ingenui 
a  servis  separantur.  The  analysis  amplifies  the  general  thought 
insigne  gentis.  Tac.  G.,  n,  6:  Nee  dierum  numerum,  ut  nos,  sed 
noctium  computant.  Sic  constituunt,  sic  condicunt:  nox  ducere 
diem  videtur.  Tac.  Ann.,  2,  26,  10:  Se  noviens  a  divo  Augusto 
in  Germaniam  missum  plura  consilio  quam  vi  perfecisse.  Sic 
Sugambros  in  deditionem  acceptos,  sic  Suebos  regemque  Maro- 
boduum  pace  obstrictum. 

i  Cf.  page  53. 


5  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.  Mart.,  I,  praef.  10: 
.  .  .  excusarem,  si  meum  esset  exemplum :  sic  scribit  Catullus,  sic 
Marsus,  sic  Pedo,  sic  Gaetulicus,  sic  quicunque  perlegitur.  Sic 
introduces  an  analysis  of  a  general  idea  of  number  which  is 
definitely  expressed  in  quicunque.  An  implication  of  number 
also  precedes  the  analysis  in  the  expression  '  excusarem,  si  meus 
esset  exemplum'  (that  is,  there  had  been  others  before). 

v.  Miscellaneous  adverbs. 

1.  The  repeated  word  reflects  the  content  of  the  general  truth. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.     PI.  Ep.,  i,  20,  12:  Adiciam,  quod 
me  docuit  usus,  magister  egregius.     Frequenter  egi,  frequenter 
iudicavi,  frequenter  in  consilio  fui.     The  general  thought  usus 
is  reflected  in  the  repeated  frequenter,  which  introduces  specific 
illustrations  of  the  general  truth.     Tac.  Agr.,  9,  15:  Ne  famam 
quidem  .  .  .  ostentanda  virtute  aut  per  artem  quaesivit:  procul  ab 
aemulatione  adversus  collegas,  procul  a  contentione  adversus  pro- 
curatores,  et.  .  .  .  Tac.  Ann.,  I,  32,  16:  .  .  .  quod  neque  disiecti 
aut  paucorum  instinctu,  set  pariter  ardescerent,  pariter  silerent, 
tanta  aequalitate  et  constantia  ut  regi  crederes.     This  is  a  positive 
analysis  of  the  general  thought  which  is  expressed  negatively, 
neque  disiecti  aut  paucorum  instinctu,  as  well  as  positively  by  the 
expression  tanta  aequalitate  at  the  close  of  the  analysis. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.     Sen.  D.,  VI,  12,  3: 
luvenis  cito  prudens,  cito  pius,  cito  maritus,  cito  pater,  cito  omnis 
officii  curiosus,  cito  sacerdos,  omnia  tamquam  properans.     This 
is  an  analysis  of  the  general  thought  omnia  tamquam  properans. 
Tac.  G.,  30,  15:  Equestrium  sane  virium  id  proprium,  cito  parare 
victoriam,    cito    cedere:   velocitas   iuxta   formidinem,    cunctatio 
propior  constantiae  est. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive.  Tac.  H.,  3,  72,  6: 
Arserat  et  ante  Capitolium  civili  bello,  sed  fraude  privata:  nunc 
palam  obsessum,  palam  incensum,  quibus  armorum  causis,  quo 
tantae  cladis  pretio?  The  analysis  adds  clarity  to  the  general 
thought  of  the  conditions  which  exist  nunc,  and  this  idea  is 
contrasted  with  previous  occurrences  ('ante  .  .  .  fraude  pri- 
vata'). Tac.  Agr.,  31,  7:  Nata  servituti  mancipia  semel  veneunt, 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  59 

atque  ultro  a  dominis  aluntur :  Britannia  servitutem  suam  cotidie 
emit,  cotidie  pascit. 

V.  Summary  as  a  secondary  motive. 

B.  An  extended  narration  or  description  follows.  Tac.  Ann., 
2,  82,  14.  See  page  19. 

2.  Sometimes  the  repeated  word  does  not  reflect  the  content 
of  the  general  truth,  but  serves  to  call  attention  to  the  specific 
members  of  the  analysis,  which  follow. 

I.  A.  Tac.  Agr.,  15,  3:  Nihil  profici  patientia  nisi  ut  graviora 
.  .  .  imperentur.  .  .  .  Aeque  discordiam  praepositorum,  aeque 
concordiam  subiectis  exitiosam.  The  analysis  develops  an  idea 
of  the  completeness  of  injuries,  as  expressed  in  graviora,  but  the 
repeated  aeque  serves  merely  as  a  device  to  call  attention  to  the 
members  of  the  analysis  which  follow,  rather  than  itself  reflecting 
the  general  content. 

§  4.    ANAPHORA  OF  ADJECTIVES.! 

i.  Adjectives  and  other  words  with  numerical  content.  (Totv 
omnis,  totiens,  quantum,  satis,  etc.) 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis. 

I.  The  general  statement  is  expressed  in  the  same  form  as 
the  analysis.  Homer  II.,  I,  287: 

a\V  oS'  avrjp  efle'Xe*  Trepl  IT  dvrwv  eppevai  a\\a)v, 

7T  d  V  T  CO  V  fJL€V  KpaT€€iV  e04\€l,  IT  d  V  T  €  (T  (T  t  £'  aVCLGGtlV, 

TT  a  (T  i  5e  o-rjjjiaiveiv,  a  nv  ov  Treicrea-dcu,  bio). 

The  amplification  of  the  general  thought  irep\  Trdvr&v  epnevai 
a\\a>v  takes  the  form  of  a  number  of  almost  synonymous 
phrases,  each  introduced  by  some  form  of  irdvTO)v.  PL  Ep.,  i, 

1  Generally  the  adjective  repeated  in  anaphora,  as  well  as  the  analysis  it 
introduces,  reflects  the  content  of  the  general  truth.  Tot,  omnis,  multus,  etc., 
adjectives  with  numerical  content,  are  used  in  anaphora  with  greater  fre- 
quency than  other  adjectives,  and  these  words  naturally  reflect  a  general  idea 
of  number  or  of  degree. 

Adjectives  of  number.  Other  adjectives. 

Tacitus 23  6 

Seneca 22  9 

Pliny 33  27 


60  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

22,  2 :  Quam  peritus  ille  et  privati  iuris  et  publici !  Quantum  rerum, 
quantum  exemplorum,  quantum  antiquitatis  tenet!  The  analysis 
is  of  the  general  thought  quam  peritus.  PI.  Ep.,  3,  9,  23:  .  .  . 
solumque  par  pretium  tanti  laboris.  Concipere  animo  potes, 
quam  simus  fatigati,  quibus  totiens  agendum,  totiens  altercandum, 
tarn  multi  testes  interrogandi,  sublevandi,  refutandi.  This  is  an 
analysis  of  tanti  laboris. 

2.  The  general  statement  is  in  opposite  form.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit., 
14,  3 :  Isti  .  .  .  cum  per  diversissimas  domos  meritoriam  saluta- 
tionem  circumtulerint,  quotum  quemque  ex  tarn  immensa  et  variis 
cupiditatibus  districta  urbe  poterunt  videre?  Quam  multi 
erunt,  quorum  illos  aut  somnus  aut  luxuria  aut  inhumanitas 
submoveat!  Quam  multi  qui  illos,  cum  diu  torserint,  simulata 
festinatione  transcurrant !  Quam  multi  .  .  .  profugient  .  .  .! 
Quam  multi  .  .  .  vix  adlevatis  labris  insusurratum  miliens 
nomen  oscitatione  superbissima  reddent !  The  analysis  introduced 
by  the  repeated  quam  multi  develops  a  general  thought  'How 
many  have  avoided  their  greeting!'  This  general  truth  is  de- 
finitely expressed,  but  in  opposite  form,  'Quotum  quemque  .  .  . 
poterunt  videre?'  ('How  few  they  have  been  able  to  see!') 
Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  7,  9:  Quid  enim  est,  quod  iam  ulla  hora  novae 
voluptatis  possit  adferre?  Omnia  nota,  omnia  ad  satietatem 
percepta  sunt.  The  specific  phrases  introduced  by  omnia  form 
a  positive  analysis  of  the  opposite  negative  statement '  Quid  enim 
•est  .  .  .  novae  voluptatis,'  in  which  Quid  est  is  the  equivalent  of 
nihil. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.  Sen.  D.,  VI,  26,  5: 
'Tot  saecula,  tot  aetatium  contextum,  seriem,  quicquid  annorum 
test,  licet  visere.  PL  Ep.,  I,  20,  15:  At  ego  .  .  .  omnia  pertempto, 
omnia  experior,  irdvra  denique  \(0ov  KIVO)  .  Tac.  D.,  40,  17: 
Rhodii  quidam,  plurimi  Athenienses  oratores  extiterunt,  apud 
quos  omnia  populus,  omnia  imperiti,  omnia,  ut  sic  dixerim,  omnes 
poterant.  The  general  thought  is  'omnia  omnes  poterant.' 
Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  3,  2:  Due,  quantum  ex  isto  tempore  creditor, 
quantum  arnica,  quantum  rex,  quantum  cliens  abstulerit,  quantum 
lis  uxoria,  quantum  servorum  coercitio,  quantum  officiosa  per 
urbem  discursatio.  .  .  .  Videbis  te  pauciores  annos  habere  quam 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  6 1 

numeras.  The  general  truth  'pauciores  annos  habes  quam  nu- 
meras'  is  analyzed  by  an  amplification  of  the  opposite  thought  of 
the  vast  amount  of  time  which  the  person  addressed  cannot  really 
claim. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     Tac.  Agr.,  41,  5: 
Et  ea  insecuta  sunt  rei  publicae  tempora,  quae  sileri  Agricolam  non 
sinerent:  tot  exercitus  in  Moesia  Daciaque  et  Germania  et  Pan- 
nonia  .  .  .  amissi,  tot  mili tares  viri  cum  tot  cohortibus  expugnati 
et  capti.     The  analysis  develops  the  general  thought  of  the  extent 
of  the  disaster,  an  idea  which  is  implied  in  what  precedes.     Tac. 
D.,  36,  14:  Quae  singula  etsi  distrahebant  rem  publicam,  exerce- 
bant  tamen  illorum  temporum  eloquentiam  et  magnis  cumulare 
praemiis  videbantur,  quia  quanto  quisque  plus  dicendo  poterat, 
tanto  facilius  honores  adsequebatur,  tanto  magis  in  ipsis  honoribus 
collegas  suos  anteibat,  tanto  plus  apud  principes  gratiae,  plus 
auctoritatis  apud  patres,  plus  notitiae  ac  nominis  apud  plebem 
parabat.     This  is  an  extended  analysis  of  the  extent  of  the 
benefits  accruing  from  eloquence,  a  general  thought  which  is 
implied   in   the  expression   'magnis  cumulare  praemiis.'     Sen. 
Brev.  Vit.,  7,  7.     See  page  13. 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis.     Mart.,  6,  4,  I : 

Censor  rnaxime  principumque  princeps, 
Cum  tot  iam  tibi  debeat  triumphos, 
Tot  nascentia  templa,  tot  renata, 
Tot  spectacula,  tot  deos,  tot  urbes: 
Plus  debet  tibi  Roma,  quod  pudica  est. 

This  elegy  is  a  praise  of  the  Emperor  Domitian  for  his  legal 
enactments  regarding  morality,  and  the  point  of  the  entire  poem 
lies  in  the  last  line.  The  purpose  of  the  anaphora  is  to  develop 
the  general  thought  of  Domitian's  numerous  services  to  the  state 
by  means  of  an  elaborate  analysis  into  specific  illustrations,  tot 
triumphos,  tot  templa,  etc.  This  general  idea  is  implied  in  the 
expression  which  follows,  'Plus  debet  tibi  Roma,  quod  pudica 
est,'  that  is,  Rome  has  a  greater  debt  than  '  all  that  has  been  re- 
lated in  the  preceding.'  By  means  of  the  analysis,  more  definite 
meaning  is  given  to  plus  than  would  otherwise  be  the  case. 


62  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

III.  The  general   truth  is  unexpressed.     The  reiteration  of 
omnis  or  tot,  etc.  at  the  beginning  of  each  member  of  an  analysis 
tends  to  establish  a  general  idea  of  number  even  if  this  is  otherwise 
unexpressed.     Verg.  A.,  8,  705: 

.  .  .  omnis  eo  terrore  Aegyptus  et  Indi, 
Omnis  Arabs,  omnes  vertebant  terga  Sabaei. 

The  effect  of  this  analysis  is  the  establishment  of  the  general 
thought  that  all  were  so  affected.  Sen.  D.,  VI,  17,  2:  Omnia 
incommoda,  omnes  voluptates  futurae  peregrinationis  tuae  ante 
cognosce.  Everything  is  the  general  thought  amplified  here. 
Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  2,1:  Alium  mercandi  praeceps  cupiditas  circa 
omnis  terras,  omnia  maria  spe  lucri  ducit.  Everywhere  is  the 
general  thought  amplified.  In  the  last  two  examples  the  balanced 
use  of  cases  which  exhaust  existing  possibilities  assists  the  ana- 
phora in  establishing  a  general  numerical  idea.  PI.  Ep.,  3,  7,  8: 
Multum  ubique  librorum,  multum  statuarum,  multum  imaginum, 
quas  non  habebat  modo,  verum  etiam  venerabatur. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.     Tac.  Ann.,  2,  37,  16: 
En  stirps  et  progenies  tot  consulum,  tot  dictatorum.     The  general 
thought  of  splendid  ancestry,  which  is  developed  in  the  analysis, 
is  contrasted  with  the  idea  of  present  humility,  suggested  by  the 
expression  'En  stirps  et  progenies.' 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     Tac.  Ann.,   I,  42,   18: 
.  .  .  tu  tot  proeliorum  socia,  tot  praemiis  aucta,  egregiam  duel 
vestro  gratiam  refertis?    The  analysis  develops  a  general  thought 
of  previous  merit  and  reward,  an  idea  which  is  contrasted  with 
the  present  ungrateful  demeanor.     Quint.  D.,  259,  p.  57,  21: 
Unusamicus  .  .  .  accepta  humeris  suis  puella  per  tot  difficultates, 
per  tot  pericula,  nihil  pro  se  ipso  sollicitus,  tulit.     The  analysis 
develops  the  general  thought  of  the  magnitude  of  the  dangers 
undergone  for  another  in  contrast  to  the  slight  consideration  of 
self. 

C.  Analysis  occurs  in  both  members  of  the  contrast.     Cic. 
Sull.,  14.     See  page  34. 

ii.  Adjectives  with  other  than  numerical  content. 
I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  63 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  PI.  Ep.,  i,  20,  12:  Aliud  olios 
movet,  ac  plerumque  parvae  res  maxime  trahuntur.  Varia 
sunt  hominum  iudicia,  variae  voluntates.  The  analysis  is  of  the 
general  thought  'Aliud  alios  movet/  which  is  reflected  in  the 
repeated  word  varia.  PL  Ep.,  2,  13,  6:  Quid  enim  illo  aut  fidelius 
amico  aut  sodale  iucundius?  Mir  a  in  sermone,  mira  etiam  in  ore 
ipso  vultuque  suavitas.  The  general  thought  quid  .  .  .  iucun- 
dius?  is  equivalent  to  nihil  iucundius.  Plaut.  Amph.,  622: 

Non  soleo  ego  somniculose  eri  imperia  persequi. 
Vigilans  vidi,  vigilans  fnunc  video,  vigilans  fabulor, 
Vigilantem  ille  me  iam  dudum  vigilans  pugnis  contudit. 

The  repeated  vigilans  introduces  a  positive  analysis  of  a  general 
truth,  which  is  expressed  in  the  opposite  negative  form  '  Non  soleo 
ego  somniculose  etc.'  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  19,  3:  Omnium  quidem 
occupatorum  condicio  misera  est,  eorum  tamen  miserrima,  qui 
ne  suis  quidem  laborant  occupationibus,  ad  alienum  dormiunt 
somnum,  ad  alienum  ambulant  gradum,  amare  et  odisse,  res  om- 
nium liberrimas,  iubentur.  The  analysis  introduced  by  the 
repeated  ad  alienum  forms  a  positive  amplification  of  the  general 
negative  statement  'ne  suis  quidem  laborant  occupationibus/ 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied.     PI.  Ep.,  3,  6,  4:  Emi  autem, 
non  ut  haberem  domi  .  .  .  ,  verum  ut  in  patria  nostra  celebri 
loco  ponerem,  ac  potissimum  in  lovis  templo;  videtur  dignum 
templo,   dignum  deo  donum.     The  general   thought  which   is 
expressed  by  the  analysis  introduced  by  the  repeated  dignum^  is 
implied  in  the  expression  'potissimum  in  lovis  templo.' 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     PI.  Pan.,  i,  6:  Quo 
magis  aptum  piumque  est  te,   luppiter  .  .  .  ,  precari,  ut  mini 
digna  consule,  digna  senatu,  digna  principe  contingat  oratio, 
utque.  .  .  .     Pliny  here  develops  in  analysis  the  thought  of  the 
high  degree  of  merit  which  it  is  his  earnest  prayer  may  character- 
ize his  oration.     The  content  of  the  general  idea  is  reflected  not 
only  in  the  repeated  digna  but  in  the  phrases  following  the 
repeated  word.     PI.  Ep.,  2,  i,  7:  Et  ille  quidem  plenus  annis 
abiit,  plenus  honoribus,  illis  etiam,  quos  recusavit.     The  analysis 
with  repeated  plenus  results  in  a  higher  degree  of  praise  than  would 


64  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

be  expressed  otherwise.  PL  Ep.,  6,  16,  10:  Properat  illuc,  imde 
alii  fugiunt,  rectumque  cursum,  recta  gubernacula  in  periculum 
tenet.  '  Pliny  proceeded  direct  to  the  point  of  danger.' 

V.  Summary  as  a  secondary  motive. 

B.  An  extended  narration  or  description  follows.  Tac.  H.,  I,, 
45,  I.  See  page  19. 

§  5.    ANAPHORA  OF  VERBS. 

Of  the  verbs  repeated  in  anaphora,  those  with  colorless  mean- 
ing, such  as  forms  of  sum,  licet,  etc.,  predominate  in  the  writers 
studied,  rather  than  those  with  a  more  pronounced  meaning. 
The  former  are  not  suggestive  of  the  general  statement,  but  serve 
as  a  mere  device  to  call  attention  to  the  specific  phrases  which 
follow,  in  amplification  of  a  general  truth  which  the  speaker  aims 
to  establish  in  the  mind  of  the  listener.  Even  where  the  re- 
peated verb  is  one  with  marked  content,  it  is  often  in  the  phrases 
which  it  introduces  rather  than  in  the  verb  itself  that  the  reflec- 
tion of  the  general  idea  is  to  be  found.  E.  g.,  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  7,  I : 
Ceteri  etiam  si  vana  gloriae  imagine  teneantur,  speciose  tamen 
errant.  Licet  avaros  mihi,  licet  iracundos  enu meres  vel  odia 
exercentes  iniusta  vel  bella,  omnes  isti  virilius  peccant.  It  is  on 
the  phrases  following  licet,  and  not  on  the  repeated  word,  that  the 
attention  is  directed  in  establishing  the  general  numerical  idea 
expressed  in  ceteri  and  in  omnes.  Sen.  D.,  VI,  12,  4:  Circumfer 
per  omnem  notorum,  ignotorum  freguentiam  oculos,  occurrent 
tibi  passi  ubigue  maiora.  Senserunt  ista  magni  duces,  senserunt 
principes.  See  page  23  for  a  discussion. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  Demetrius  in  Spengel,  III, 
294,  8 :  "Ea-Trepe,  TT  a  v T a  <j>  ep e 1 5,  (frepeis  ow,  <f)  e p  e  1 5  alya, 
(f>  ep  e  1 5  fjLdTept  TralSa.  The  repeated  $epet9  represents  $e/3et? 
of  the  general  statement  in  each  member  of  the  analysis,  but  the 
general  truth  which  is  developed  is  the  thought  Trdwra.  Sen. 
D.,  VI,  26,  5:  Tot  saecula,  tot  aetatium  contextum,  seriem,  quic- 
quid  annorum  est,  licet  visere;  licet  surrectura,  licet  ruitura  regna 
prospicere.  The  general  truth  which  this  analysis  develops  is 
'quicquid  annorum  est,'  the  repeated  licet  representing  licet  of  the 
general  statement.  Mart.,  8,  15,  i  : 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  65 

Dum  nova  Pannonici  numeratur  gloria  belli, 

Omnis  et  ad  Reducem  dum  litat  ara  lovem, 
Dat  populus,  dat  gratus  eques,  dat  tura  senatus, 

Et  ditant  Latias  tertia  dona  tribus. 

Tac.  H.,  3,  66,  21 :  .  .  .  denique  nihil  atrocius  eventurum,  quam 
in  quod  sponte  ruant.  Moriendum  victis,  moriendum  deditis. 
The  analysis  imparts  clarity  to  the  statement  which  precedes. 
Sen.  D.,  VI,  12,  4,  and  Brev.  Vit.,  7,  I.  See  page  64. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.  Sen.  D.,  XII,  9,  8: 
Nunc  ecce  trahit  ilium  ad  se  Africa  resurgentis  belli  minis  plena, 
trahit  Hispania  .  .  .,  trahit  Aegyptus  infida,  totus  denique 
orbis,  .... 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied.     PI.  Ep.,  i,  18,  3:  Et  eram 
acturus  adulescentulus  adhuc,  eram  in  quadruplici  iudicio,  eram 
contra   potentissimos    civitatis   atque   etiam    Caesaris   amicos; 
quae  singula  excutere  mentem  mihi  .  .  .  poterant.     The  anaphora 
centers  the  attention  on  each  of  these  difficulties  and  disadvan- 
tages, in  analysis  of  a  general  thought  which  is  implied  in  the 
statement  following. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     PI.  Ep.,  I,  14,  8:  Est 
illi   facies   liberalis   multo   sanguine,    multo   rubore   suffusa,    est 
ingenua  totius  corporis  pulchritudo  et  quidam  senatorius  decor. 
The  general  thought  underlying  in  Pliny's  mind  is  the  favorable 
characteristics  of  this  prospective  son-in-law,  and  it  is  to  center 
the  attention  on  details  of  such  a  central  idea  that  the  anaphora 
is  due.     PI.  Ep.,  2,   17,   n:  Adiacet  unctorium,  hypocauston, 
adiacet  propnigeon  balinei,  mox  duae  cellae  magis  elegantes  quam 
sumptuosae.     In  both  this  letter  and  in  5,  6,  in  which  his  other 
villa  is  described,  Pliny  depicts  the  charm  which  the  villas  had 
for  him,  and  though  no  characterizing  adjectives  are  used  with 
unctorium,  hypocauston,  etc.,  in  the  analysis,  the  repeated  adiacet 
centers  the  attention  on  the  individual  details  as  a  part  of  such 
an  unexpressed  general  idea. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Sen.  Contr.,  I,  6,  5: 
Misereri  illius  oportet  quia  orba  est.  Attamen  habet  propinquos, 
habet  amicos  paternos,  habet  te  imbecillitatis  suae  tutorem  fortis- 


66  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

simum.  The  general  thought  which  is  developed  in  analysis  is 
contrasted  with  orba  est.  Tac.  H.,  I,  50,  13:  Prope  ever  sum 
orbem,  etiam  cum  de  principatu  inter  bonos  certaretur,  sed 
mansisse  Gaio  lulio,  mansisse  Caesare  Augusto  victore  imperium; 
mansuram  fuisse  sub  Pompeio  Brutoque  rem  publicam.  The 
general  thought  developed  in  analysis  is  contrasted  with  the 
idea  prope  ever  sum  orbem. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.  Val.  Max.,  9,  I,  ext.  2: 
Erat  opulenta,  erat  moribus  et  legibus  ordinata,  Etruriae  caput 
habebatur:  sed  postguam  luxuria  prolapsa  est,  in  profundum 
iniuriarum  et  turpitudinis  decidit,  ut  servorum  se  insolentissimae 
dominationi  subiceret. 

V.  Summary  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  An  extended  narration  or  description  precedes.  Mela,  3,  I, 
I.  See  page  19. 

§  6.    ANAPHORA  OF  NOUNS. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  PI.  Ep.,  2,  I,  12:  Volui  tibi  multa 
alia  scribere,  sed  totus  animus  in  hac  una  contemplatione  defixus 
est.  Verginium  cogito,  Verginium  video,  Verginium  iam  vanis 
imaginibus,  recentibus  tamen,  audio,  adloquor,  teneo.  The 
repeated  Verginium  imparts  definiteness  to  the  vague  expression 
in  hac  una  contemplatione,  and  introduces  an  analysis  of  the 
general  truth  totus  animus  .  .  .  defixus  est.  Plaut.  Capt.,  159: 

Multis  et  multigeneribus  opus  est  tibi 
Militibus:  primumdum  opus  est  Pistorensibus, 


Opus  Paniceis  est,  opus  Placentinis  quoque, 
Opus  Turdetanis,  opust  Ficedulensibus, 
Iam  maritumi  omnes  milites  opus  sunt  tibi. 

The  general  numerical  truth  is  expressed  both  at  the  beginning 
and  at  the  close  of  the  analysis,  'Multis  et  multigeneribus  opus 
est  ...  militibus,'  and  'omnes  milites  opus  sunt.'  The  re- 
peated opus  represents  opus  of  the  general  truth.  Livy,  I,  28, 
6:  Nee  ea  culpa  .  .  .  omnium  Albanorum  est:  ducem  secuti  sunt, 
ut  et  vos  .  .  fecissetis.  Mettius  ille  est  ductor  itineris  huius» 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  67 

Mettius  idem  huius  machinator  belli,  Mettius  foederis  Romani 
Albanique  ruptor. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.     Mart.,  5,  24,  i: 

Hermes  Martia  saeculi  voluptas, 
Hermes  omnibus  eruditus  armis, 
Hermes  et  gladiator  et  magister, 

Hermes  .  .  .  (Hermes  is  repeated  at  the  beginning  of  all  fifteen 
lines  of  this  poem)  .... 

Hermes  gloria  Martis  universi, 
Hermes  omnia  solus  et  ter  unus. 

The  effect  of  so  introducing  all  fifteen  verses  of  the  poem  with  the 
same  word  Hermes  is  to  center  the  attention  on  these  various 
members  of  the  analysis  individually,  in  development  of  the 
general  thought,  which  is  expressed  in  the  last  line.  Aesch. 
Fr.,  70,  i: 

Z  e  v  9  ecTTiv  aWtjp,  Z  e  v  9  £e  777,  Z  e  v  9  B1  ovpavos, 

TOI  TO,  Trdvra  X&TL  T<wi>8'   vTreprepov. 


II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A  .  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     Hebrews,  1  1  ,  i  : 
E0T«>  5e  TT  L  a"  T  i  9  eX7Ti£b/<teVa>z>  vTro(7Ta(7L<;  TrpayfjiaTcov  e\€7^o9  ov 

....         Tll(TT€l    VOOVfJL€V    KaT^pTiaOai,    TOW     dlG)VCtS 

6eov,  et9  TO  fjLrj  etc  (frcuvofjievcov   TO  j3\€7rdfJi€vov  yeyovevai. 
II  i<TT€t,  ir\€iova  6v(Tiav"A/3e\  irapa  Ka«> 

.     .     .    .       Hl<TT€i     'El/0)%     /JL€T€T€6rj   TOV    fJLT} 

n  L(TT€i  xprujLaTiaOeis  Nwe  Trepl  T&V  /JLrjSeTra)  /3\€7TOfjL€vci>v,  .... 
II  iffrtL  is  eighteen  times  repeated  at  the  beginning  of  various 
verses,  in  amplification  of  the  general  thought  implied  in  verse  I, 
that  '  by  faith  all  the  servants  of  God  from  the  first  have  been 
upheld  and  stimulated  and  carried  through  their  glorious  course.'1 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Tac.  Ann.,  I,  59,  4: 
.  .  .  volitabatque  per  Cheruscos,  arma  in  Segestem,  arma  in 
Caesarem  poscens.     Arma,  the  key-note  of  Arminius'  demand,  is 
repeated  with  each  member  of  the  analysis. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

1  Alford,  Greek  Testament,  IV,  p.  206,  note. 


68  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  17,  6: 
Ibit  in  Poenos  nondum  tantae  maturus  rei  Scipio;  victor  Hannibalis, 
victor  Antiochi,  sui  consulatus  decus,  fraterni  sponsor,  ni  per 
ipsum  mora  essent,  cum  love  reponeretur.  The  general  thought 
which  is  analyzed  here  is  contrasted  with  the  preceding  ex- 
pression, '  nondum  tantae  maturus  rei/ 

§  7.    ANAPHORA  OF  CONJUNCTIONS. 

a.  Subordinate  conjunctions. 

i.  Cum,  dum,  quando,  ubi,  unde,  etc.1 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  12,  3:  .  .  . 
quibus  aput  tonsorem  multae  home  transmittuntur,  dum  decer- 
pitur  .  .  .  ,  dum  de  singulis  capillis  in  consilium  itur,  dum  aut 
disiecta  coma  restituitur  aut  deficiens  hinc  atque  illinc  in  frontem 
compellitur.  The  general  statement  of  time  multae  horae  is 
amplified  by  a  separation  into  specific  expressions  of  time,  each 
introduced  by  dum.  Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  3,  2:  Videbis  te  pauciores 
annos  habere  quam  numeras.  Repete  memoria  tecum,  quando 
certus  consilii  fueris,  quotus  quisque  dies  ut  destinaveras  proces- 
serit,  quando  tibi  usus  tui  fuerit,  quando  in  statu  suo  voltus, 
quando  animus  intrepidus,  quid  tibi  in  tarn  longo  aevo  facti 
operis  sit,  ....  This  analysis  amplifies  the  general  idea  of 
negative  number  expressed  in  'pauciores  annos  etc.'  Sen.  Brev. 
Vit.,  20,  4:  Difficilius  homines  a  se  otium  impetrant  quam  a  lege. 
Interim  dum  rapiuntur  et  rapiunt,  dum  alter  alterius  quietem 
rumpit,  dum  mutuo  miseri  sunt,  vita  est  sine  fructu,  sine  volup- 
tate,  sine  ullo  profectu  animi.  This  is  a  positive  analysis  of  the 
general  negative  statement  which  precedes.  Tac.  Ann.,  15,  59, 
13:  Quanto  laudabilius  periturum,  dum  amplectitur  rem  publicam, 
dum  auxilia  libertati  invocat.  Tac.  Agr.,  45,  9:  Praecipua  sub 
Domitiano  miseriarum  pars  erat  videre  et  aspici,  cum  suspiria 
nostra  subscriberentur,  cum  denotandis  tot  hominum  palloribus 
sufficeret  saevus  ille  vultus  et  rubor,  .... 

1  These  conjunctions  introduce  clauses  of  time,  place,  cause,  etc.,  in  analysis 
of  an  underlying  general  idea,  but  nothing  would  be  gained  from  a  separate 
consideration  of  each  conjunction  individually. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  69 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.  Quint.  D.,  249, 
p.  21,  23:  Cum  album  descripsi,  cum  iudices  reieci,  per  illas  omnes 
moms  iudiciorum  .  .  .  quid  aliud  feci,  quam  ut  agerem?  A 
general  expression  of  time,  'per  illas  omnes  moras,'  follows  the 
analysis  into  specific  expressions  of  time.  Tac.  Ann.,  I,  35,  i: 
Ut  seditionem  attigit,  ubi  modestia  militaris,  ubi  veteris  dis- 
ciplinae  decus,  quonam  tribunos,  quo  centuriones  exegissent, 
rogitans,  nudant  universi  corpora,  ....  The  analyses  intro- 
duced by  the  repeated  ubi  and  quo  develop  the  frequentative 
idea  expressed  in  rogitans. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     Sen.  D.,  VI,  I,  3: 
.  .  .  cuius  viget  vigebitque  memoria,   quamdiu  in  pretio  fuerit 
Romana  cognosci,  quamdiu  quisquis  erit,  qui  reverti  velit  ad  acta 
maiorum,  quamdiu  quisquam,  qui  velit  scire  quid  sit  vir  Romanus, 
....     The  expression  viget  vigebitque  is  suggestive  of  the  general 
idea  of  continuance  which  the  analysis  amplifies.     Tac.  D.,  40, 
17.     See  page  31. 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis.     Sen.  Brev.  Vit.,  12,  6: 
Quos  quando  lavari  debeant,  quando  natare,  quando  cenare,  alius 
admonet:  et  usque  eo  nimio  delicati  animi  languore  solvuntur, 
ut  per  se  scire  non  possint,  an  esuriant.     The  general  thought 
developed  by  the  analysis  is  that  a  slave  gives  a  signal  for 
everything.     Instead  of  stating  this  truth  generally,  Seneca  gives 
a  similar  implication  by  the  mention  of  an  extreme  case  'an 
esuriant,'  as  being  representative  of  the  general  truth. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Tac.  Ann.,  3,  36,  4: 
Libertique  etiam  ac  servi  patrono  vel  domino,  cum  voces,  cum 
manus  intentarent,  ultro  metuebantur.     'Their  slightest  move- 
ment was  a  cause  for  terror.'     Tac.  Ann.,  i,  22,  10:  Cum  osculis, 
cum  lacrimis  dolorem  meum  implevero,   me  quoque  trucidari 
iube.     The  repetition  of  cum  centers  the  attention  on  osculis  and 
lacrimis.    The  speaker  requests  that  he  be  killed  when  he  has 
in  this  manner  sated  his  grief. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Tac.  D.,  39,  13:  Unus 
inter  haec  dicenti  aut  alter  adsistit,  et  res  velut  in  solitudine 


70  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

agitur.  Oratori  autem  clamore  plausuque  opus  est  et  velut 
quodam  theatre;  qualia  cotidie  antiquis  oratoribus  contingebant, 
cum  tot  pariter  ac  tarn  nobiles  forum  coartarent,  cum  clientelae 
quoque  ac  tribus  ac  municipiorum  etiam  legationes  ac  pars 
Italiae  periclitantibus  adsisteret,  cum  in  plerisque  iudiciis  crederet 
populus  Romanus  sua  interesse  quid  iudicaretur.  The  analysis 
with  repeated  cum  fixes  the  attention  on  the  general  thought  of 
previous  conditions  of  oratory  ('  qualia  cotidie  antiquis  oratoribus 
contingebant'),  which  is  contrasted  with  the  unfavorable  present 
state,  as  expressed  earlier  in  the  chapter. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     Mart.,  5,  17,  i: 

Dum  proavos  atavosque  refers  et  nomina  magna, 

Dum  tibi  noster  eques  sordida  condicio  est, 
Dum  te  posse  negas  nisi  lato,  Gellia,  clavo 

Nubere,  nupsisti,  Gellia,  cistifero. 

The  general  thought  which  the  analysis  amplifies  is  contrasted 
with  the  idea  contained  in  the  last  line. 

ii.  Si. 

The  repetition  of  si  at  the  beginning  of  a  number  of  successive 
clauses  holds  the  attention  on  the  general  thought  expressed  by 
these  various  protases,  and  gives  a  clear  impression  of  it  to  the 
listener.  The  apodosis  also  is  by  this  means  rendered  prominent, 
when  it  is  accompanied  by  a  protasis  which  is  so  amplified  at 
considerable  length. 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It   precedes   the   analysis.     Quint.    D.,    262,    p.    73,    12: 
Pessimus  maritus  videreris,  si  amorem  in  aliquam  meretricem 
deflexisses,  si  ancillarum  cupiditas  a  geniali  te  toro  avocaret. 
The  repeated  si  introduces  specific  illustrations  of  the  general 
truth  pessimus  maritus.    Tac.  G.,  7,  2:  Et  duces  exemplo  potius 
quam  imperio,  si  prompti,  si  conspicui,  si  ante  aciem  agant, 
admiratione  praesunt.     This  analysis  amplifies  and  adds  clarity 
to  the  general  thought  exemplo. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.     Quint.  D.,  253, 
p.  36   24:  lam  si  exercitus  hostium  intra  fines  nostros  fuerit,  si 
ardere  villas,  si  frugifera  succidi,  si  fugam  rusticorum  in  urbem, 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  71 

si  compulsa  intra  muros  pecora  viderimus,  si  moenia  oppugna- 
buntur,  si  turres  quatientur,  si  ad  dilectum  ab  amplexu  matrum 
invenes  rapientur:  quant  sero  paenitebit  tarn  caro  uni  pepercisse. 
The  analysis  amplifies  the  general  thought '  quam  sero  paenitebit/ 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     Quint.  D.,  260, 
p.  68,  3 :  An  vos  in  hoc  demum  creditis  expletam  paternam  animad- 
versionem,  si  esuriant,  si  inopia  omnium  deficiant  atque  tabe- 
scant?    The  analysis  is  of  a  general  thought  which  is  merely 
suggested  by  in  hoc. 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis.     Cic.  Balb.,  28,  64: 
Quod  ius  si  Cn.  Pompeius  ignoravit,  si  M.  Crassus,  si  Q.  Metellus, 
si  Cn.  Pompeius  pater,  si  L.  Sulla,  si  P.  Crassus,  si  C.  Marius, 
si  senatus,  si  populus  Romanus,  si,  qui  de  re  simili  iudicarunt, 
si  foederati  populi,  si  socii,  si  illi  antiqui  Latini,  videte,  ne  utilius 
vobis  et  honestius  sit  illis  ducibus  errare  quam  hoc  magistro 
erudiri.     Behind  this  extended  analysis  is  the  general  thought 
'all  these  famous  leaders,'  as  is  implied  in  the  expression  illis 
ducibus  at  the  close. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Tac.  Ann.,  2,  70,  2: 
Si  limen  obsideretur,  si  effundendus  spiritus  sub  oculis  inimicorum 
foret,   quid  deinde  miserrimae  coniugi,  quid  infantibus  liberis 
eventurum?     Frequently,  as  here,  the  amplification  consists  of 
practically  synonymous  reiterations  of  the  general  thought,  to 
which  clarity  is  thereby  imparted.     Verg.  A.,  I,  546: 

Quem  si  fata  virum  servant,  si  vescitur  aura 
Aetheria  neque  adhuc  crudelibus  occubat  umbris, 
Non  metus. 

Tac.  Agr.,  46,  I :  Si  quis  piorum  manibus  locus,  si,  ut  sapientibus 
placet,  non  cum  corpore  extinguuntur  magnae  animae,  placide 
quiescas.  Sen.  Tranq.  An.,  1 ,  16 :  Puto  multos  potuisse  ad  sapien- 
tiam  pervenire,  nisi  putassent  se  pervenisse,  nisi  quaedam  in  se 
dissimulassent,  quaedam  opertis  oculis  transiluissent. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Tac.  Ann.,  2,  73,  7:  Sed 
hunc  .  .  .  neque*  minus  proeliatorem,  etiam  si  temeritas  afuerit 
praepeditusque  sit  perculsas  tot  victoriis  Germanias  servitio 


72  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

premere.  Quod  si  solus  arbiter  rerum,  si  iure  et  nomine  regio 
fuisset,  tanto  promptius  adsecuturum  gloriam  militiae,  quantum 
dementia,  temperantia,  ceteris  bonis  artibus  praestitisset. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.  Val.  Max.,  I,  praef.,  p.  I, 
17:  Nam  si  prisci  oratores  ab  love  Optimo  maximo  bene  orsi 
sunt,  si  excellentissimi  vates  a  numine  aliquo  principia  traxerunt, 
mea  parvitas  eo  iustius  ad  favorem  tuum  decucurrerit,  quo  cetera 
divinitas  opinione  colligitur,  .... 

iii.   Ut,  an,  ne.1 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.     Flor.  praef.,  4:  Siquis  ergo  popu- 
lum  Romanum  quasi  unum  hominem  consideret  totamgue  eius 
aetatem  percenseat,  ut  coeperit,  utque  adoleverit,  ut  quasi  ad 
quandam  iuventae  frugem  pervenerit,  ut  postea  velut  consenuerit, 
quattuor  gradus  processusque  eius  inveniet.     The  general  idea 
to  tarn  eius  aetatem  is  amplified  by  the  enumeration  of  specific 
cases  each  marked  by  the  repeated  ut.     Tac.  G.,  16,  2:  Colunt 
discreti  ac  diversi,  ut  fons,  ut  campus,  ut  nemus  placuit.     The 
analysis  amplifies  the  general  thought  discreti  ac  diversi.     Cic. 
Rep.,  3, 15:  Quammulti,  ut  Tauri  in  Axino,  ut  rex  Aegypti  Busiris, 
ut  Galli,  ut  Poeni,  homines  immolare  et  pium  et  dis  immortalibus 
gratissumum  esse  duxerunt!2     PI.  Ep.,  I,  22,  7:  Mirareris  .  .  .  qua 
patientia  hanc  ipsam  valetudinem  toleret,  ut  dolori  resistat,  ut 
sitim  differat,  ut  incredibilem  febrium  ardorem  inmotus  oper- 
tusque  transmittat.     Tac.  Ann.  n,  31,  5:  Satis  constat  eo  pavore 
offusum  Claudium,  ut  identidem   interrogaret,  an  ipse   imperii 
potens,  an   Silius   privatus  esset.      The   frequentative   idea   is 
developed  by  the  analysis. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.     Cic.  Fin.,  5,  67: 

1  Most  cases  of  ne  in  anaphora  are  included  with  the  other  negatives  above, 
and  there  are  included  here  only  such  cases  as  do  not  reflect  the  negative 
content  of  the  general  truth,  but  are  used  like  the  repeated  ut,  simply  to 
direct  attention  to  the  specific  phrases  which  follow.     See  class  II,  A,  for  a 
discussion  of  PI.  Ep.,  3,  9,  8,  where  a  general  idea  of  complete  insufficiency  is  so 
amplified. 

2  Similar  examples  could  be  cited  where  et  replaces  the  repeated  ut.     The 
effect  of  repeating  ut  with  each  member  of  a  long  enumeration  is  to  center 
the  attention  on  each  individually.     The  same  effect  would  not  be  imparted 
by  the  ordinary  conjunction. 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  73 

Quando  igitur  inest  in  omni  virtute  cura  quaedam  quasi  foras 
spectans  aliosque  appetens  atque  complectens,  exsistit  illud,  ut 
amici,  ut  fratres,  ut  propinqui,  ut  affines,  ut  cives,  ut  omnes 
denique  .  .  .  propter  se  expetendi  sint.  Tac.  D.,  32,  6:  Idque 
non  doctus  modo  et  prudens  auditor,  sed  etiam  populus  intellegit 
ac  statim  ita  laude  prosequitur,  ut  legitime  studuisse,  ut  per  omnes 
eloquentiae  numeros  isse,  ut  denique  oratorem  esse  fateatur.  The 
purpose  of  the  analysis  is  to  direct  the  thought  to  the  general 
truth,  'ut  denique  oratorem  esse  fateatur.' 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     PI.  Ep.,  3,  9,  8:  ... 
sed  pro  causa  niteretur;  cuius  et  magnitude  et  utilitas  visa  est 
postulare,  ne  tantum  oneris  singulis  actionibus  subiremus.     Vere- 
bamur,  ne  nos  dies,  ne  vox,  ne  latera  deficerent  .  .  .  ,  deinde  ne 
iudicum  intentio  multis  nominibus  multisque  causis  .  .  .  con- 
funderetur;  ....     The  analysis  consists  of  an  enumeration  of 
specific  circumstances  whose  lack  was  feared,  in  amplification 
of  the  general  thought  of  the  completeness  of  the  insufficiency. 
This  thought  is  implied  in  the  preceding  expressions  magnitude 
and  tantum  oneris,  which  characterize  the  case  as  one  of  consider- 
able difficulty. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Tac.  Ann.,  I,  62,  i: 
Igitur  Romanus  qui  aderat  exercitus  sextum  post  cladis  annum 
trium  legionum  ossa  .  .  .  omnes  ut  coniunctos,  ut  consanguineos 
.  .  .  maesti  .  .  .  condebant. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.     Tac.  G.,  n,  n:  Mox  rex 
vel  princeps,  prout  aetas  cuique,  prout  nobilitas,  prout  decus 
bellorum,   prout   facundia   est,   audiuntur,   auctoritate   suadendi 
magis  guam  iubendi  potestate.     This  sentence  offers  some  diffi- 
culties of  interpretation;  but  whether  the  analysis. is  construed 
with  both  rex  and  princeps,  or  is  referred  to  princeps  alone  as 
being  the  equivalent  of  principum  aliquis,  or  however  one  may 
interpret  it,1  the  repeated  prout  centers  the  attention  on  these 
specific  phrases,  which  are  suggestive  of  the  influence  which  the 
speakers  have.     'In  order  to  be  heard  they  must  possess  some 

1  Cf.  the  current  interpretations  in  the  various  editions. 


74  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

special  distinguishing  quality/  either  aetas,  or  nobilitas,  or  some- 
thing else.1  By  thus  centering  the  attention,  clarity  is  added  to 
the  thought  auctoritate  suadendi  in  contrast  to  iubendi  potestate, 
which  follows  it.  Tac.  Ann.,  2,  15,  7:  Classem  quippe  et  avia 
Oceani  quaesita,  ne  quis  venientibus  occurreret,  ne  pulsos  pre- 
meret:  sed  ubi  miscuerint  manus,  inane  victis  ventorum  remo- 
rumve  subsidium.  The  thought  of  the  expectant  preparations  of 
the  Romans,  as  expressed  in  the  analysis,  is  contrasted  with 
the  disappointing  results. 

C.  Analysis  occurs  in  both  members  of  the  contrast.  Tac. 
Ann.,  i,  59,  16.  See  page  18.  Tac.  G.,  43,  16:  Nulla  simulacra, 
nullum  peregrinae  superstitionis  vestigium:  ut  fratres  tamen,  ut 
iuvenes  venerantur. 

/?.  Coordinate  conjunctions.     (Sed,  tamen,  etc.) 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It  precedes  the  analysis.  Sen.  D.,  VI,  26,  6:  ...  nihil 
quo  stat  loco  stabit,  omnia  sternet  abducetque  secum  vetustas. 
Nee  hominibus  solum  .  .  .  sed  locis,  sed  regionibus,  sed  mundi 
partibus  ludet.  The  general  thought  omnia  is  developed  in 
analysis,  and  a  general  negative  formulation  nihil  .  .  .  stabit 
also  precedes.  Quint.  D.,  251,  p.  28,  29:  Haec  vero  non  tantum 
marito,  sed  etiam  rei  publicae  reddere  plenam  potest  rationem. 
Nam  etiamsi  non  habet  filium,  asservavit  tamen  iuvenem,  tamen 
hominem,  tamen  civem. 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Cic.  Caecil.,  6,  21. 
See  page  5.     Sen.  Const.  Sap.,  13,  4:  Habes  sub  te  Parthos  et 
Medos  et  Bactrianos,  sed  quos  metu  contines,  sed  propter  quos 
remittere  arcum  tibi  non  contigit,  sed  hostes  teterrimos,  sed 
venales,  sed  novum  aucupantes  dominium.     The  general  thought 
behind  these  various  impressions  is  the  despicable  nature  of 
these  subjects. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.  Tac.  Ann.,  I,  10,  12: 
Sane  Cassii  et  Brutorum  exitus  paternis  inimicitiis  datos  .  .  .: 
sed  Pompeium  imagine  pacis,  sed  Lepidum  specie  amicitiae  de- 

*Cf.  Schweizer-Sidler,  ed.  5,  p.  31,  note:  "(Der  rex  und  der  princeps) 
sollen,  um  mit  lebendiger  Teilnahme  angehort  zu  werden,  sich  durch  bestimmte 
von  den  Germanen  hochgeschatzte  Eigenschaften  auszeichnen." 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  75 

ceptos.     Tac.  Ann.,  i,  38,  7:  Non  praefectum  ab  iis,  sed  Germani- 
cum  ducem,  sed  Tiberium  imperatorem  violari. 

§  8.    ANAPHORA  OF  PREPOSITIONS.1 

I.  The  general  truth  is  definitely  expressed. 

A.  It   precedes    the   analysis.     PI.    Ep.,    I,    4,    i:    Quantum 
copiarum  in  Ocriculano,  in  Narniensi,  in  Carsulano,  in  Perusino 
tuo!     The  individual  phrases  introduced  by  the  repeated  in  are 
specific  illustrations  of  the  general  numerical  idea  expressed  in 
quantum  copiarum.     Florus,   3,   21,   21:   Quantum  funerum  in 
foro,  in  circo,  in  penitis  templis!     Tac.  Agr.,  46,  15:  Quidquid 
ex  Agricola  amavimus,  quidquid  mirati  sumus,  manet  mansurum- 
gue  est  in  animis  hominum,  in  aeternitate  temporum,  (in)2  fama 
rerum.     This  is  an  analysis  of  the  general  idea  of  continuance 
expressed  in  manet  mansurumgue  est.     Tac.  Ann.,   16,  26,  9: 
Multo  magis  timendum,  ne  in  coniugem,  in  filiam,  in  cetera  pig- 
nora  eius  saeviret.     The  accumulation  of  specific  phrases  intro- 
duced by  in  imparts  an  impression  of  a  high  degree  of  fear,  as- 
expressed  in  'multo  magis  timendum.'     Tac.  Ann.,  I,  n,  12:  At 
patres  ...  in  questus  lacrimas  vota  effundi ;  ad  deos,  ad  effigiem 
Augusti,  ad  genua  ipsius  manus  tendere.     Vota  is  the  general 
thought  which  is  analyzed  here.     By  itself  it  stands  in  no  special 
prominence,  but  when  followed  by  an  amplification  into  specific 
details,  the  general  idea  gains  clearness  in  the  mind  of  the  listener. 
Sen.  Contr.,  1,2,  n :  Ambitiosa  lex  est  .  .  .   ;  inquirit  in  maiores, 
in  corpus,  in  vitam. 

B.  The  general  truth  follows  the  analysis.     Cic.  Cat.,  4,  n,  24: 
Quapropter  de  summa  salute  vestra  populique  Romani,  de  vestris 
coniugibus  ac  liberis,  de  aris  ac  focis,  de  fanis  atque  templis,  de 
totius  urbis  tectis  ac  sedibus,  de  imperio  ac  libertate,  de  salute 
Italiae,  de  universa  re  publica  decernite  diligenter  .  .  .  ac  fortiter. 

II.  The  general  truth  is  implied. 

A.  The  implication  precedes  the  analysis.     Sen.  D.,  VI,  I,  4: 
Legitur,  floret,  in  manus  hominum,  in  pectora  receptus  vetustatem 

1  A  discussion  of  the  preposition  sine,  which  is  virtually  a  negative  in 
content,  is  to  be  found  in  the  treatment  of  negatives  in  anaphora. 

2  Suggested  reading,  Halm. 


76  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA  IN  THE 

nullam  timet.  The  same  general  thought  of  continuance  which 
is  suggested  by  the  succession,  legitur,  floret,  is  further  amplified 
by  this  analysis  with  anaphora. 

B.  The  implication  follows  the  analysis.  Quint.  D.,  253,  p.  37, 
6:  Ego  pro  civitate  tarn  grata,  pro  populo  tali,  non  subibo  quale- 
cumque  periculuml  The  high  degree  of  regard  which  the  tyran- 
nicide feels  towards  his  state  is  amplified  in  this  analysis,  and  an 
implication  of  this  is  contained  in  the  clause  which  follows,  that 
he  'stands  willing  to  undergo  any  danger  whatever  in  its  behalf/ 

III.  The  general  truth  is  unexpressed.     Tac.  H.,   I,   10,  8: 
Palam  laudares,  secreta  male  audiebant:  sed  apud  subiectos, 
apud   proximos,   apud   collegas   variis   inlecebris   potens.     The 
analysis  develops  the  thought  of  the  versatility  of  Mucianus' 
power.     Florus,  2,  6,  28 :  Itaque  per  Samnium  totum,  per  Falernos 
Gauranosque  saltus  sic  maceravit  Hannibalem  ut  .  .  .  .     The 
repetition  of  per  helps  to  develop  a  general  idea  of  extent. 

The  preposition  per  is  often  repeated  in  appeals  or  in  oaths. 
Its  repetition  before  each  of  a  series  of  sacred  or  solemn  objects 
through  which  a  demand  is  made,  centers  the  attention  on  each 
individually,  and  tends  to  impress  upon  the  mind  of  the  listener 
a  general  feeling  of  solemnity,  which  underlies  the  entreaty. 
Examples  of  anaphora  in  an  appeal  follow:  Verg.  A.,  6,  363: 

Quod  te  per  caeli  iucundum  lumen  et  auras, 
Per  genitorem  oro,  per  spes  surgentis  luli, 
Eripe  me  his,  invicte,  malis. 

Tac.  Ann.,  2,  72,  i:  Turn  ad  uxorem  versus  per  memoriam  sui, 
-per  communes  liberos  oravit,  exueret  ferociam,  ....  Tac.  Ann., 
.3,  16,  23:  Per  quinque  et  quadraginta  annorum  obsequium,  per 
•collegium  consulatus  .  .  .  salutem  infelicis  filii  rogo.  Anaphora 
iin  an  oath: — Verg.  A.,  6,  458: 

.  .  .  Per  sidera  iuro, 

Per  superos  et  siqua  fides  tellure  sub  ima  est, 

Invitus,  regina,  tuo  de  litore  cessi. 

Verg.  A.,  9,  300:  Per  caput  hoc  iuro,  per  quod  pater  ante  solebat. 

IV.  Contrast  as  a  secondary  motive. 

A.  The  contrasted  member  precedes.     Tac.  D.,  31,  2:  .  .  . 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  77 

non  ut  in  rhetorum  scholis  declamarent,  nee  ut  fictis  .  .  .  con- 
troversiis  linguam  modo  et  vocem  exercerent,  sed  ut  iis  artibus 
pectus  implerent,  in  quibus  de  bonis  ac  malis,  de  honesto  et  turpi» 
de  iusto  et  iniusto  disputatur. 

B.  The  contrasted  member  follows.  Cic.  Cat.,  4,  n,  23.  See 
page  16.  Sen.  Vit.  Beat.,  7,  3:  Virtutem  in  templo  convenies, 
in  foro,  in  curia,  pro  muris  stantem,  pulverulentam,  coloratam, 
callosas  habentem  manus:  voluptatem  latitantem  saepius  ac 
tenebras  captantem  circa  balinea  ac  sudatoria.  .  .  .  The  an- 
alysis with  anaphora  aids  in  forming  a  clear  concept  of  virtus  in 
contrast  with  voluptas. 


D.     EXCURSUS  ON  THE  RHETORICAL  CHARACTER  OF 
ANAPHORA  IN  SILVER   LATIN. 

Generally  speaking,  the  period  of  Silver  Latin  was  characterized 
from  a  literary  standpoint  by  a  superiority  of  form  over  substance. 
In  his  Antike  Kunstprosa  Norden  speaks  of  the  'neue  Stil'  of  the 
writers  of  this  age  as  being  marked  by  "eine  geschmiickte,  durch 
alle  Mittel  des  Raffinements  gehobene  (Diktion),"1  and  as  sig- 
nificant of  this  stylistic  embellishment  he  mentions  "deklama- 
torisches  Pathos,  pointierte  Sentenzen,  zerhackten  Satzbau, 
vollige  Rhythmisierung  .  .  .,  Aufgehen  der  Prosa  in  die  Poesie, 
(eine)  Abwendung  vom  Natiirlichen.  .  .  ."2  The  use  of  figures 
played  an  important  role  here,  and  the  abundance  of  anaphora  is 
only  one  exemplification  of  this  general  process.  In  many  of 
the  examples  already  examined  the  general  thought  which  is  an- 
alyzed is  relatively  unimportant,  and  the  elaborate  amplification 
with  extended  anaphora  has  little  justification  other  than  the 
desire  so  characteristic  of  the  writers  of  that  age  to  enrich  their 
compositions  in  a  striking  and  unusual  manner. 

In  this  period,  anaphora  had  indeed  assumed  a  rhetorical 
character  largely;  but  aside  from  its  serving  as  a  mere  stylistic 
embellishment,  it  was  also  abundantly  employed  as  an  arbitrary 
device  to  assist  in  the  amplification  of  a  general  truth  to  which 
a  speaker  really  desired  to  impart  additional  clarity.  This  type 
of  anaphora  occurs,  to  be  sure,  to  a  certain  extent  in  all  periods, 
but  more  especially  in  speeches,  both  direct  and  indirect  ;3  in  Silver 
Latin,  however,  it  may  be  found  to  an  equal  degree  in  a  narra- 
tion or  a  description  which  an  author  wishes  to  make  clear  and 
distinct. 

1  Norden,  Antike  Kunstprosa,  I,  256. 

2  Ditto,  p.  299. 

3  The  frequent  use  of  anaphora  in  speeches  is  too  generally  recognized  to 
demand  further  comment.     Cf.  Steele,  T.  A.  P.  A.,  32,  155,  and  I.  Nye, 
Sentence  Connection,  p.  92.     For  its  especial  occurrence  in  perorations,  note 
the  following  orations  of  Cicero:  Pro  Balbo,  Pro  Caelio,  Pro  Archia,  Pro 
Sestio,  In  Pisonem,  etc.,  and  the  Agricola  of  Tacitus,  where  the  epilogue  is 
virtually  a  speech. 

78 


AMPLIFICATION  OF  A  GENERAL  TRUTH.  79 

The  abundant  use  of  anaphora  may  doubtless  be  ascribed  as 
one  of  the  effects  which  the  custom  of  recitationes  had  upon  the 
style  of  the  period.  For,  since  most  compositions  were  intended 
to  be  read  publicly,  there  naturally  resulted  an  extensive  use  of 
various  artificial  aids  to  clarity,  such,  for  instance,  as  the  analysis 
with  anaphora.  Devices  of  this  sort  are  the  more  necessary  in 
the  case  of  spoken  compositions,  in  which  a  phrase  is  uttered  only 
once  without  affording  the  listener  any  further  opportunity  for 
recurrence,  as  is  possible  for  a  reader,  who  has  a  printed  page 
before  him.  That  the  recitationes  were  largely  responsible  for 
the  stylistic  tendency  toward  a  breaking  down  of  the  periodic 
sentence  has  been  noted  by  Norden,  who  says,1  "Man  war  ge- 
wohnt,  nach  jeder  Sentenz  eine  Pause  zu  machen,  wahrend  welcher 
die  Zuhorer  das  Bedurfnis,  ihren  Beifall  kund  zu  geben,  befrie- 
digen  konnten;  wie  notig  es  war,  unter  diesen  Umstanden  in 
kleinen  Satzchen  zu  sprechen,  kann  man  .  .  .  aus  der  Klage  des 
Libanios  (Or.  I,  179  R)  ersehen:  wenn  Platon  und  Demosthenes 
vorgelesen  wurden,  larmten  die  Zuhorer  bei  einzelnen  Teilen  der 
langen  Satze  so,  dass  man  das  dazwischen  Liegende  gar  nicht  zu 
horen  bekam."  In  such  a  case,  if  for  the  sake  of  additional 
clarity  a  general  truth  is  amplified  by  means  of  an  analysis  con- 
sisting of  several  individual  members,  the  repetition  of  the  same 
word  at  the  beginning  of  each  specific  phrase  not  only  serves  as 
as  a  connective,  but  also  centers  the  attention  on  the  members 
following,  in  order  to  keep  before  the  listener  the  general  truth 
of  which  they  form  specific  illustrations. 

Not  all  cases  of  anaphora,  however,  are  the  result  of  intent  on 
the  part  of  the  speaker,  and  originally  the  figure  was  doubtless 
an  entirely  unconscious  phenomenon  and  represented  a  natural 
means  of  expression.  For  if  a  speaker  has  a  clear  concept  of  a 
general  truth  present  in  his  mind  and  he  imparts  this  to  the  lis- 
tener with  some  approach  to  an  equal  degree  of  clearness,  it  is 
only  natural  that  in  analyzing  this  thought  his  mind  should  recur 
automatically  to  the  general  statement  with  each  specific  member 
of  the  analysis,  and  that  in  so  doing  he  should  sometimes  uncon- 
sciously repeat  the  same  word  at  the  beginning  of  each  of  these 

1  Antike  Kunstprosa,  I,  295. 


80  THE  USE  OF  ANAPHORA. 

various  phrases.  Especially  is  this  true  in  the  case  of  the  shorter, 
less  elaborate  analyses,  although  an  element  of  artificiality  is 
introduced  when  the  analysis  is  extended  to  include  any  consider- 
able number  of  members. 

To  attain  a  more  exact  knowledge  of  the  origin  of  anaphora 
requires  further  study  than  has  been  attempted  here ;  for  to  arrive 
at  any  conclusion  would  necessitate  an  investigation  of  the  other 
type  of  anaphora  in  a  contrast,  and  also  a  careful  examination  of  a 
colloquial  writer  like  Plautus,  in  order  to  detect  signs  of  the  be- 
ginnings of  the  figure. 


E.    CONCLUSION. 

What  has  been  proved  in  this  dissertation?  It  has  been  shown 
that  one  important  use,  though  not  the  exclusive  use,  of  anaphora, 
is  to  introduce  a  number  of  specific  phrases  in  amplification  of  a 
general  truth.  This  general  truth  may  be  itself  expressed, 
though  with  varying  degrees  of  clarity,  or  again  it  may  be  entirely 
unexpressed,  though  in  such  cases  some  underlying  general 
thought  none  the  less  forms  the  basis  of  the  amplification  in 
which  the  anaphora  occurs.  This  may  be  a  general  idea  of 
number  or  completeness ;  again  it  may  be  a  general  idea  of  degree ; 
or  it  may,  in  fact,  be  a  general  idea  of  any  sort  whatsoever. 
Furthermore,  anaphora  is  not  restricted  to  a  few  recognized  forms, 
nor  to  words  which  reflect  the  content  of  the  general  thought,  but 
practically  any  word  which  a  writer  sees  fit  to  repeat  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  number  of  successive  phrases,  serves  equally  well  to 
call  attention  to  these  specific  illustrations  of  a  general  truth. 
While  the  amplification  normally  takes  the  form  of  an  analysis 
into  a  number  of  partitive  representations  of  the  general  truth, 
nevertheless  the  same  effect  still  obtains  when  these  various 
phrases  are  practically  synonymous,  and  reiterate  the  general 
thought  by  expressing  it  in  several  different  ways. 

The  various  forms  in  which  anaphora  occurs  in  the  ampli- 
fication of  a  general  truth  have  been  illustrated  above  at  consider- 
able length,  in  order  to  make  it  clear  that  the  figure  was  exten- 
sively used  in  this  way  by  the  writers  of  Silver  Latin,  and  indeed 
with  considerable  variety,  though  still  conforming  in  some 
manner  to  the  type  outlined.  As  has  been  already  stated,  the 
present  study  might  have  been  extended  to  a  consideration  of 
other  kinds  of  anaphora,  but  its  purpose  will  be  served,  if  it 
shall  result  in  a  clearer  comprehension  of  this  one  type  of  the 
figure,  as  it  is  elaborately  used  by  the  rhetorical  writers  of  the 
empire. 

However,  the  anaphora  which  is  studied  here  is  not  a  phe- 
nomenon of  Silver  Latin  solely,  and  the  results  obtained  may  be 

81 


82  THfi  USE  OF  ANAPHORA. 

made  general  in  their  application,  and  may  be  shown  to  hold  true 
for  other  Latin  writers  besides  those  of  this  limited  period,  as 
well  as  for  writers  of  other  languages.1  One  has  only  to  observe 
the  practice  of  nearly  any  extemporaneous  speaker,  who,  when  he 
wishes  to  drive  home  a  particular  point  to  his  listeners,  frequently 
does  so  by  amplifying  this  thought  into  specific  details,  to  which 
the  listener's  attention  is  drawn  by  the  repetition  in  each  case 
of  the  same  introductory  word. 

1  It  is  this  consideration  which  has  led  to  the  inclusion  in  this  dissertation 
of  scattered  examples  of  anaphora  from  other  Latin  and  a  few  Greek  writers 
aside  from  those  covered  by  a  systematic  collection  of  material,  but  which 
are  equally  illustrative  of  the  general  thesis.  While  it  is  recognized  that 
anaphora  occurs  in  Greek,  especially  in  the  orations  of  Demosthenes  and  in 
similar  compositions,  it  is,  however,  the  impression  of  the  present  writer 
that  the  figure  is  less  extensive  than  in  Latin,  and  doubtless  for  the  following 
reason.  As  has  been  already  noted  in  the  general  discussion  of  anaphora, 
many  cases  of  correlation  no  doubt  originally  had  the  same  effect  as  anaphora, 
but  lost  part  of  their  force  through  becoming  stereotyped  and  familiar.  The 
correlative  use  of  plv  .  .  .  $£  in  Greek  seems  to  usurp  a  part  of  the 
field  which  in  Latin  at  least  might  be  occupied  by  anaphora.  This  point  may 
perhaps  be  best  illustrated  by  two  parallel  passages  from  Diodorus  Siculus 
and  Pompeius  Trogus.  Diod.,  3,  45,  4:  OCroi  3£  Ka^XoTpotpovvTes  irpbs 

P&VTai  T&  V^yurra.  TU>V  KO.T&.  rbv  fitov  ry  TOV  ^ov  rofoov 
y&p  robs  iro\efj.iovs  a  IT  6  ro^rtav  /idxoJTCu,  T&S  5£  Ko/xificts  r&v 
TOIJT  <t)  v  vb)TO<popovvT€S  pq.dLws  HiravTa  ffwreXovvt)  rb  S  £  "ydXa  irlvovres  d  tr  6 
diarptyovrai.  Trog.,  41,  3,  4:  Equis  omni  tempore  vectantur;  illis 
bella,  illis  convivia,  illis  publica  ac  privata  officia  obeunt;  super  illos  ire, 
consistere,  mercari,  colloqui.  In  the  former  example  the  repeated  use  of  d*-i 
Totfrwi',  M  rojJrwi',  d?rd  TOIJTWV  at  the  beginning  of  successive  clauses,  instead 
of  fj£v  . . .  8*  . . .  S£,  would  have  presented  a  parallel  to  the  repetition  of  illis 
in  the  example  from  Trogus. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


1952UI 


JUN 


LD  21-95m-ll,'50(2877sl6)476 


Gay  lord  Bros. 

Makers 
Syracuse,  N.  Y 

*  PAT,  JAN.  21.  1938 


^J 


